10th Grade

SCIENCE 10
OCCURENCE OF
EVOLUTION
Objective:
●explain the occurrence of evolution
 Species transform over time. In biology,
evolution is the change in the inherited traits of a
population from generation to generation. It also
refers to the changes that occur within a species,
including its origin or that of a population over
time.
 These traits are the expression of genes that are
copied and passed on to offspring
during reproduction.
Let's Get Familiar
• Study the given pictures and the corresponding description. Choose the word
or phrase inside the box that best matches the description.

1. The changing of the structure of a

gene, resulting in a variant form that
may be transmitted to subsequent
generations caused by the alteration of
single base units in DNA.

ANS: MUTATION
https://tiphero.com/mutant-fruit-pics
Let's Get Familiar
• Study the given pictures and the corresponding description. Choose the word
or phrase inside the box that best matches the description.

2. The process by which organisms

best adapted to their environment
survived and passed on their traits.

ANS: NATURAL SELECTION

https://thescienceof.org/covid-19-herd-immunity-vs-natural-selection/
Let's Get Familiar
• Study the given pictures and the corresponding description. Choose the word
or phrase inside the box that best matches the description.

3. Living or continuing its existence

longer than the other despite
adversities.

https://www.shutterstock.com/search/fittest
ANS: SURVIVAL
Let's Get Familiar
• Study the given pictures and the corresponding description. Choose the word
or phrase inside the box that best matches the description.

4. The state of adjusting or changing

to become more suited to
environment.

ANS: ADAPTATION
https://www.storyboardthat.com/lesson-plans/adaptation
Let's Get Familiar
• Study the given pictures and the corresponding description. Choose the word
or phrase inside the box that best matches the description.

5. Differences among members of a

population.

https://scool.co.uk/gcse/biology/genes-and-genetics/revise-it/variation
ANS: VARIATION
Let's Get Familiar
• Study the given pictures and the corresponding description. Choose the word
or phrase inside the box that best matches the description.

6. A group of living organisms that

share similar characteristics and
can interbreed with each other.

ANS: SPECIES
https://sites.google.com/site/comprehendingevolution/darwin-s-theory
Let's Get Familiar
• Study the given pictures and the corresponding description. Choose the word
or phrase inside the box that best matches the description.

7. Group of individuals of the same

species living and interbreeding
within a given area.

ANS: SPECIES
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/population+cartoon
 Many things that we have learned about
science are called theories, such as the theory on
how animals evolve or how continents move.
Scientists gathered data over a period of time to
support their hypothesis in search of answers until
they were convinced.
 A theory is an explanation supported by
findings gained from repeated tests or experiments.
Scientists have explained how evolution
occurs. They formulated the theories of
evolution.
01
Theories of Evolution
“To find yourself, think for yourself.”
1. Creationism Theory
● All life forms are created by a
Supreme Being.
○ The belief that the universe and the
various forms of life were created by
God out of nothing (ex nihilo). It is a
response primarily to modern
evolutionary theory, which explains the
diversity of life without recourse to the
doctrine of God or any other divine
power.
2. Theory of Catastrophism
● Georges Cuvier hypothesized
that organisms' appearance and
disappearance happen because
of catastrophic events.
○ According to him, animals and
plant species were destroyed
because of a large scale violent
natural event, and after that, new
species evolve.
3. Lamarck’s Theories
● Jean Baptiste de Lamarck proposed
and believed that organisms evolved
through time
○ He was the proponent of the theories of
Need, Use and Disuse, and Inheritance
of Acquired Characteristics.
3.1 Theory of Use and Disuse

● According to Lamarck, body

structures that are not utilized would
decrease in size over generations and
eventually disappear, while those
body structures that are often used
will transform and develop further.
3.2 Lamarckism
● This theory is also known as Theory
of Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics. It states that the
organisms acquired characteristics
could be inherited by their offspring.
3.3 Theory of Need
● Environment influences organisms. A
drastic change in the environment
also brings drastic changes in
organisms.
○ In order to respond to these changes,
organisms developed needed
characteristics or abilities in order to
survive to their current environment
4. Theory of Natural Selection
● Charles Robert Darwin was a British
naturalist and biologist known for his
theory of evolution by natural
selection.
○ He explained that organisms are the
products of historical change and that
new species gradually developed
from previous ones.
4. Theory of Natural Selection
● Darwin observed that the same animals found in different places
manifest differences in body forms and functions. He thought that these
differences are due to how these organisms adapt and survive in their
environment.
4. Theory of Natural Selection
● According to him, offspring inherited their parents' character and
adaptive traits, and those organisms that were able to inherit will
likely to survive and reproduce than those that do not have.
4. Theory of Natural Selection
● Organisms that possess favorable and adaptive traits have greater
survival and reproduction rates and are expected to evolve. However,
Darwin's theory of natural selection did not explain how those
favorable traits passed on to the offspring.
4. Theory of Natural Selection
4. Theory of Natural Selection
 02
Occurrence of
Evolution
The transformation …
1. Non-random mating
● Non-random mating occurs when individuals prefer or choose their
own mates without regard to the genotypes.
1. Non-random mating
● When two organisms of different genotypes mate and a certain trait
appear (e.g., traits that cause more mating for an individual), this trait
will result in more offspring, leading to a higher frequency of the trait
in the population.
● Non- random mating can disturb the equilibrium distribution of
genotypes in a population.
1. Non-random mating
1. Non-random mating
1. Non-random mating
2. Mutation
● If an organism has undergone mutation
and was still able to survive and pass its
mutated genes, there is a higher chance
that the resulting offspring would have a
different trait from its original ancestors.
A change of heritable trait from one
generation to another happened.
2. Mutation
3. Natural Selection
● In nature, only those organisms with adaptive characteristics can survive
and reproduce more, while those weaker ones will eventually die, living
behind no offspring.
3. Natural Selection
● It is said that these adaptive traits were passed on to the next generation, and
those organisms that were able to inherit them will stay and eventually evolve.
4. Gene Flow
● Gene flow happens when there is a movement of genes from one population
to another.
○ There would be an exchange of traits, the organisms that enter the population may
introduce new genes to the existing population or bring in new traits to its original
population, and thus new ones with an intermediate trait arise.
4. Gene Flow
5. Genetic Drift
● It is a mechanism of
evolution in which
allele frequencies of a
population change
over generations due
to chance.
5. Genetic Drift
● When a group of organisms was wiped out, and only a few ones with a
distinct trait survived (due to chance) and were able to reproduce, the
resulting population will only inherit the traits of the survivors; thus, a
possibility that the new population would have a difference in allele from its
origin.
5. Genetic Drift
5. Genetic Drift
● The smaller the population the less likely that the parental genotype will
appear in the population.
5. Genetic Drift
5. Genetic Drift
5. Genetic Drift
5. Genetic Drift
Occurrence of Evolution
● Darwin and Lamarck's theories were the foundation of evolutionary
thought. Although both of them were not able to defend how traits
were passed on from generation to generation (genetics), their
theories became a big step forward in the study of evolution.
Occurrence of Evolution
● Today, scientists have studied and explained how genes were passed
down from parents to offspring. They were able to explain also the
mechanism of evolution that causes genetic variation among
organisms.