Lecture Eight
Lecture Eight
In the UK, and many other countries, the large majority of firms
are small (fewer than 50 employees) or medium sized (between
50 and 249 employees).
However, the picture
differs between
individual industries.
Some consist mainly of
large numbers of small
or medium sized firms.
Others, are dominated
by a few large firms.
Source: Dept. of Business Innovation and Skills ( see
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/377934/bpe_20
14_statistical_release.pdf
)
Measuring dominance:
Concentration Ratios
If these economies are very significant the MES of a single firm may be so
large that it can supply the whole market at lower average costs than any
potential competitor. This situation is called a natural monopoly.
legal restrictions
Incumbent firms may be protected by legal protection such as patents or
special privileges. Such situations are called legal monopoly
Oligopoly:
Structure, Conduct, Performance
An industry is oligopolistic if it is
dominated by a few large firms, often due to
considerable barriers to entry.
Note: 1. Note that firm Y would reason the same way when deciding between a high or a low
price.
2. In fact both firms would conclude that the best strategy is to charge lower prices regardless of
choice of the other (this is formally called a dominant strategy)
3. They could get involved in a tit-for-tat price war of lowering prices, resulting in lower and
lower profit margins
Examples
Choice between non-collusive
and collusive behaviour
Some factors favouring non-collusive behaviour:
competitors face different cost structures
new entrants
lack of trust between competitors
macroeconomic and technical change
strong anti-collusive government policies
P1 Demand is relatively
inelastic below the kink
O Q1 Q
Competition Policy
MC
£ A monopolist firm has
control over the price it
a charges for its products. In
P=AR order to maximise profit it
would choose a level of
output where MC=MR,
that is, Qm. At that level it
can sell a price P
AR
MR
O Qm Q
Conduct : Profit maximising under monopoly
MC
AC
£
AR
a At output level
Qm, Average
Costs are at level
Acm. Profits are
ACm shown by the
shaded area
AR
MR
O Qm Q
Performance
In principle, since monopolists have no direct competitors one
expects them to achieve typically high and persistent super-
normal profits at the sales prices and output levels they choose
to operate at.
affect the current pricing decisions of monopolists, or for example force them to be
more innovative than they would have been without the threat of new entrants.
In addition, whether a firm truly has a monopoly depends on how widely or
narrowly one defines the market. For example, a rail company may have the
monopoly on rail travel between two towns, but won’t have a monopoly on all
paid for transport between the two towns.
Goods and services may be substitutes across industries. E.g. smartphones
are now substitutes not just for landline phones, but also for cameras,
restaurant guides, maps etc. Hence markets may be contestable across
industries
Workshop 8
Read pp. 192-212.
Prepare Worksheet 8