CULTURAL

AND
SOCIOPOLITICAL
EVOLUTION
Prepared By: Ms. Juvy Mae O. Asuncion
SOCIETY
In sociological terms, society refers to a group
of people who live in a definable community
and share the same cultural components.
On a broader scale, society consists of the
people and institutions around us, our shared
beliefs, and our cultural ideas.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Pre-industrial societies
● The Industrial
share certain social
attributes and forms of Revolution was
political and cultural the transition from
organization, including creating goods by
limited production, a hand to using
predominantly agricultural machines.
economy, limited division of
● Rise of technology.
labor, limited variation of
social class
 PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

● Societies are small, rural,

and dependent largely on
local resources.
● Economic production was
limited to the amount of
labor a human being
could provide, and there
were few specialized
occupations
1. Hunting and Gathering Society

● Earliest form of society

● “Foraging Culture
● Small and consist of less
than 50 members
● Nomadic
○ people or tribes who
move from place to place
to find pasture and food.
● Rely on hunting, trapping,
and fishing
 2. Pastoral Society
● Primarily perform one task of
herding and taking care of
agricultural animals.
● nomadic or semi-nomadic
lifestyle.
● The word ‘pastoral’ has been
derived from the Latin word
pastor, meaning ‘shepherd’.
● Pastoralist
● Pastoral groups were able to
breed livestock for food, clothing,
and transportation, and they
created a surplus of goods.
3. Horticultural Society
● Rely on cultivation of
fruits, vegetables, and
plants in order to survive.
● Semi-nomadic
4. Agricultural Society

● Sometimes called as
Agrarian Society
● Agricultural Revolution

= new tools for digging and

harvesting (metal)
● Permanent
● Social Classes became
divisive
 5. Industrial Society
● rise in technological
invention.
● Rapid means of transport and
communication
● Migration to cities (urban)
● Sociology born
○ social scientists emerged
to study the relationship
between the individual
members of society and
society as a whole.
6. Post-industrial Society ● Production of goods (like clothing)
declines and the production of
services (like restaurants) goes up.
● Sometimes called as ● Manual labor jobs and blue collar jobs
Information Society. are replaced with
● Based on the production of technical and professional jobs.
information and services ● There is a focus on new technologies,
● social scientists emerged to how to create and utilize them as well
as harness them.
study the relationship between
● New technologies foster the need for
the individual members of new scientific approaches like IT and
society and society as a whole. cybersecurity.
○ "The Coming of Post- ● Society needs more college graduates
Industrial Society: A with advanced knowledge who can
Venture in Social help develop and advance
Forecasting." technological change.
RECAP
Civilization
● Latin word civis means citizen and
civitas meaning city.
● Criteria
○ civilizations are urban rather than
nomadic; there is a division of
labor; agriculture, science,
technology, commerce, literature,
and art are developed; class
structure and government should
exist.
● civilization is a term applied to any
society which has developed a writing
system, government, production of
surplus food, division of labor, and
urbanization.
Mesopotamia (8000 - 2000 B.C.E) Cradle of Civilization; Fertile Crescent

LOCATION SOCIAL CLASS/ RELIGION CONTRIBUTION

CITY STATE

region of southwest Polytheistic It build an extensive

Asia between Tigris man-made
-worshiping many
and the Euphrates irrigation system
gods and goddesses
river.
Henotheistic Cuneiform - one of
name is derived the earliest forms of
from ancient Greek -belief that certain writing.
“between two gods are viewed as
rivers” superior to others.
Ancient Egypt (3100 - 332 B.B ) - The Black Land

LOCATION SOCIAL CLASS/ CITY RELIGION CONTRIBUTION

STATE

Polytheistic Hieroglyphics -
Pharaoh second oldest form
Concentrated along ● Osiris - god of of writing.
the lower reaches of Government underworld
the Nile river, Officials ● Amun-Ra - a - “the gods’
situated in the place god associated
Soldiers, words”,
that is now the with the sun.
country of egypt. Scribes, “sacred
Merchants, carvings”,
Egyptian dead were
Craftsmen
sometimes which gives us
Peasants, mummified, “hieroglyphics”
Slaves
Indus Valley (3300 B.C.E. - 1300 B.C.E.) - a.k.a Harappan Civilization;
Largest civilization of the ancient world.

LOCATION SOCIAL CLASS/ CITY RELIGION CONTRIBUTION

STATE

Consisted mainly of just Mohenjo Daro -had

the king being the
the finest bath
The ancient indian supreme ruler, and the Polytheistic
social class of people facilities, drainage
civilization that
under him. ● Prithvi Mata - system, and
flourished more the mother earth knowledge of personal
than 4000 years ago ● Surya - the sun hygiene.
in the north- god New techniques in
western parts of ● Indra - the war
Indo-Pakistan sub- handicraft (carnelian
god products, seal carving)
continent. ● Yama - the
and metallurgy
death god
(copper, bronze, lead,
and tin).
Huang He (2100-1600 B.C.E.) - China’s Sorrow

LOCATION SOCIAL CLASS/ CITY RELIGION CONTRIBUTION

STATE

Cty state was an aristocracy.

This civilization had a Contributions:
The Huang He patriarchal society that
stressed respect for parents Polytheistic porcelain,
(yellow river) and elders. fireworks,
valley is the ● Shang Di
gunpowder, civil
birthplace of (main god)
mother goddess service, paper, and
Chinese
civilization and is brought plants silk.
often called the and animals to Oracle Bone Scripts
mother river. Earth. - ancient writing
system.
● 1500s most of the people lived ● Louis XIV created an absolute
in small villages. monarchy.
● They paid Tithes ○ An absolute monarchy is a
○ a tenth part of something form of government in which
paid as a voluntary a single person—usually a
contribution or as a tax king or queen—holds
especially for the support absolute, autocratic power.
of a religious ● France became dominant power in
establishment Europe.
● Henry VII won in War of the ● When The French Revolution broke
out, it created the modern French
Roses in England, which led
nation-state, which sparked
into what is known as the Tudor nationalism around Europe.
dynasty, and begun the
development of the English
nation-state.
● In 1914 some nation-state ● In 1939 the World War
claim power and superiority II started until 1945.
over all the nation in the world ● The end of World War II
which led to led to the formation of
● Word War I the United Nations in
● In 1919, the Treaty of
1945.
Versailles ended World War I.
● League of Nation (WWI)
○ It divided several
● United Nation (WWII)
multinational empires that
led to the creation of
several new nation-states.
 Democracy is a form of government
where the citizens of the nation have
Democratization is the the power to vote.
transition to a more ● (1) a representative democracy
democratic political regime, is a system where citizens choose
government representatives
including substantive political among their citizens
changes moving in a ● (2) direct democracy is when the
citizens form a governing body
democratic direction. and vote directly on issues,
● (3) constitutional democracy
limits the powers of government
through the nation’s constitution.