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ch1 Introduction

The document discusses different types of operating systems including mainframe systems, desktop systems, multiprocessor systems, distributed systems, clustered systems, real-time systems, and handheld systems. It describes the characteristics and components of these systems.

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cawilyare9885
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8 views

ch1 Introduction

The document discusses different types of operating systems including mainframe systems, desktop systems, multiprocessor systems, distributed systems, clustered systems, real-time systems, and handheld systems. It describes the characteristics and components of these systems.

Uploaded by

cawilyare9885
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Chapter 1: Introduction

 What is an Operating System?


 Mainframe Systems
 Desktop Systems
 Multiprocessor Systems
 Distributed Systems
 Clustered System
 Real -Time Systems
 Handheld Systems
 Computing Environments

Operating System Concepts 1.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002


What is an Operating System?

 A program that acts as an intermediary


between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware.
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner.

Operating System Concepts 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002


Computer System Components

1. Hardware – provides basic computing


resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system – controls and coordinates
the use of the hardware among the various
application programs for the various users.
3. Applications programs – define the ways in
which the system resources are used to solve
the computing problems of the users
(compilers, database systems, video games,
business programs).
4. Users (people, machines, other computers).

Operating System Concepts 1.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002


Abstract View of System Components

Operating System Concepts 1.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002


Mainframe Systems

 Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs


 Automatic job sequencing – automatically
transfers control from one job to another.
First rudimentary operating system.
 Resident monitor
 initial control in monitor
 control transfers to job
 when job completes control transfers pack to
monitor

Operating System Concepts 1.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002


Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System

Operating System Concepts 1.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002


Multiprogrammed Batch Systems

Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time,


and the
CPU is multiplexed among them.

Operating System Concepts 1.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002


OS Features Needed for
Multiprogramming

 I/O routine supplied by the system.


 Memory management – the system must
allocate the memory to several jobs.
 CPU scheduling – the system must choose
among several jobs ready to run.
 Allocation of devices.

Operating System Concepts 1.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002


Desktop Systems

 Personal computers – computer system


dedicated to a single user.
 I/O devices – keyboards, mice, display
screens, small printers.
 User convenience and responsiveness.
 Can adopt technology developed for larger
operating system’ often individuals have sole
use of computer and do not need advanced
CPU utilization of protection features.
 May run several different types of operating
systems (Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)

Operating System Concepts 1.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002


Distributed Systems

 Distribute the computation among several


physical processors.
 Loosely coupled system – each processor has
its own local memory; processors
communicate with one another through
various communications lines, such as high-
speed buses or telephone lines.
 Advantages of distributed systems.
 Resources Sharing
 Computation speed up – load sharing
 Reliability
 Communications

Operating System Concepts 1.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002


Distributed Systems (cont)

 Requires networking infrastructure.


 Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area
networks (WAN)
 May be either client-server or peer-to-peer
systems.

Operating System Concepts 1.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002


General Structure of Client-Server

Operating System Concepts 1.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002


Real-Time Systems

 Often used as a control device in a dedicated


application such as controlling scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, and some display
systems.
 Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
 Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft
real-time.

Operating System Concepts 1.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002


Real-Time Systems (Cont.)

 Hard real-time:
 Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored
in short term memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
 Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not
supported by general-purpose operating systems.

 Soft real-time
 Limited utility in industrial control of robotics
 Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality)
requiring advanced operating-system features.

Operating System Concepts 1.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

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