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Oil Product

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baban omer
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23 views16 pages

Oil Product

Uploaded by

baban omer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Duhok Polytechnic University

Engineering Department
Chemical Engineering
Petroleum Refinery
3rd Stage

Petroleum Products(Ethylene)

Prepared by :
1-Baban Omer 4-Jameel Abdulrahman

Supervised by :
Mr. Mehvan
Outlines

1 Introduction

2 Starting material

3 Manufacturing

4 Production

5 Conclusion

6 References

2
Introduction

Petroleum has been used by humans for L

millennia, originally for fires and warfare. In the


Middle East, oil fields were exploited for
naphtha, tar, and kerosene in the 8th to 12th
centuries.

These early users depended on seeps (like this


modern one), where petroleum rises naturally
because of subsurface pressure.

3
Introduction
The demand for petroleum on the world market
grew slowly, but started to take off in the 1800s.
Whale oil was replaced by kerosene lamps L

starting around 1860.

Coal was still the major fuel source in the world


until about 1940, when petroleum passed it and
became the most valuable commodity in the
global marketplace.

4
Introduction
Petroleum: a thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of solid, liquid, and gaseous
hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the Earth's surface.L

Hydrocarbons: organic compounds consisting of H and C


Solids (e.g. paraffin) are not abundant, but have many uses

5
Starting material
Petroleum
methane

gases Ethane

Petroleum Propane

Crude oil
liquids
Natural Gas
liquids(NGLs) 6
Natural gas

Gaseous mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons


After processing: used for power generation, residential,
fertilizers, manufacturing, transportation (still very limited)

7
Crude oil
* Liquid mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons
* After refining: the chief source of transportation fuels L

8
Manufacturing

9
Production
Reactions and techniques
L

Polymerizations : a reaction in which polymer chain is formed by combining large


number of small molecules called “monomers”

10
Reaction steps

1-Initiation: to get the reaction started is to use a catalyst initiator


or promoter

I I*

I*+M I-M*

11
Reaction steps

2-Propagation: New radical formed in the first step reacts with


another monomer molecule to give a new large radical.

I-M*+M I-M-M*

I-M*+Mn I-Mn-M*

3-Termination: Mechanism to stop the propagation-


Dispropagation-Recombination-Chain transfer.

12
Classification of polyethylene
L

13
Conclusion

polyethylene (PE), Any of the polymers of ethylene, the largest class of plastics. Its
L

simple basic structure, of ethylene monomers, can be linear (high-density and


ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene; HDPE and UHMWPE, respectively) or
branched to a greater or lesser degree (low-density and linear low-density
polyethylene; LDPE and LLDPE, respectively). The branched polyethylene's have
similar structural characteristics (e.g., low crystalline content), properties (high
flexibility), and uses (packaging film, plastic bags, mulch, insulation, squeeze bottles,
toys, and housewares). HDPE has a dense, highly crystalline structure of high strength
and moderate stiffness; uses include beverage bottles, liquid detergent jugs, crates,
barrels, and luggage. UHMWPE is made with molecular weights 6–12 times that of
HDPE; it can be spun and stretched into stiff, highly crystalline fibers with a tensile
strength many times that of steel; uses include bulletproof vests.

14
References
L

• Huang X., Ke Q., Kim C., Zhong H., Wei P., Wang G., Liu F. and Jiang P.: Polym.
Eng. Sci., 2007, 47, (7), 1052–1061. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google
Scholar]
• Kaul R. K., Barghouty A. F. and Dahche H. M.: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2004, 1027,
138–149. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
• Polanen M., Suvanto M. and Pakkanen T. T.: Compos. Sci. Technol., 2013, 76, (4),
21–28. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]

• South carolina university article

15
Thanks for your attention

16

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