Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

PMAJ JANICE CORAZON P AQUINO

Acting Assistant Chief, Family Juvenile Gender and Development Division
(FJGADD), DPCR

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Basic
Gender and Development
Concepts

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

LESSON GOAL:
 Understand/review/level off the basic Gender
and Development (GAD) concepts such as
sex and gender, gender roles, gender bias
and other key concepts related to GAD; and

 Develop an appreciation for gender sensitivity

and its importance on one’s personal and
professional lives.
FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Sex vs Gender

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

DEFINITION: SEX
 God’s creation (Natural);
 Obtained from Birth;
 Biological;
 Applies to all times and places
(Universal); and
 generally permanent

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

DEFINITION: GENDER
 Man-made (Non-natural);
 Obtained from early socialization by the
family;
 Subject to change and interchangeability;
 Learned behavior; and
 Changes over time and place (Time-
bound/Place-bound)

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 SEX GENDER
• Given at birth • Culturally and socially
• Male or Female dictated
• Masculine or Feminine
• Permanent
• Constant even in • Variable
different countries • Differ in societies
• Constant even in • Differ at times
different times

“What you were born with” “What happens afterwards”

ARI –MALE, FEMALE KASARIAN – MASCULINE,

INTERSEX FEMININE, NEUTER
FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Female Male
Sex Roles  Gestation;  Ovum Fertilization; and
 Lactation; and  Produces spermatozoa
 Child-bearing which determine child’s
sex
Gender Roles  Cooking;  Leader;
 Childcare; and  Providing income for
 Housekeeping the family

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

MANIFESTATION OF GENDER BIAS

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

What is Gender Bias?

Gender bias is a behavior
that shows favoritism toward
one gender over another.
Most often, gender bias is
the act of favoring men
and/or boys over women
and/or girls.

-Rothchild, J. (2014)
FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

On June 12, 2023, the “Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI) Report
” launched by the UNDP has shown that Gender biases against women
have not improved in a decade. The report is based on the result of the
World Values Survey (WVS) conducted to 91 countries.
85% of the total population worldwide: Biases against
Women Worldwide
99.5% of the entire population Biases against Women in the
Philippines
FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Gender Discrimination
To give differential treatment to individuals on
the grounds of their gender.

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Manifestation of Gender Bias/Discrimination (MGB):

or Gender Issues/Gaps

1. Multiple burdens
2. Stereotyping
3. Subordination
4. Marginalization
5. Violence against
FJGADD
women
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Manifestation of Gender Bias

1. Multiple Burdens/Roles

It refers to the situation where

no matter what women put in
essentially the same working
hours as men outside the home,
households, child care and
wider breath of responsibilities
are still primarily women’s
concerns.
FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Manifestation of Gender Bias

2. Gender Stereotyping
It is the tendency of attitude to ascribe
particular traits, characteristics and roles
distinctly to men and particular traits,
characteristics, roles distinctly to
women.

Assumption: The ascribed attributes of

men apply to all men and that of
women apply to all women in a given
society.

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Manifestation of Gender Bias

3. Gender Subordination

Secondary status of women

in society, because of this,
they have less access to
and control over resources
for development and its
benefits.

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Ex: Political Subordination

It refers to the perceived political
notion and sexist propaganda
against women political candidates,
insufficient support system to
increase women’s active
involvement or participation in
political parties, factors that hamper
women to join politics and other
leadership roles.

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 PNP GENDER PROFILE
(As of October 31, 2023)

PNP Grand Total: 227,344 Rank Total Male Female

Strength
Female: 49,227 or 21.65%
Male: 178,117 or 78.35% PCOs 16,150 13,176 2,974
PNCOs 197,930 160,003 37,927
Total 214,080 173,179 40,901
Uniformed
Personnel

NUP 12,240 4,155 8,085

Cadets 1,024 783 241
PNP 227,344 178,117 49,227
FJGADD Grand
Directorate for Police Community Relations
Total
Female PCOs in Key Positions (As of November 30, 2023)*
KEY POSITIONS IN THE PNP

UNIT DESIGNATION RANK NAME

HS Director PBGEN JEZEBEL D MEDINA

DIDM Chief PBGEN PORTIA B MANALAD
PRSS Director PCOL MARIA LEONORA C CAMARAO
DPRM Chief, PCOD PCOL MADELINE D CACAO
DPCR Chief, CAD PCOL GEMMA C VINLUAN
OCPNP SPOKESPERSON OF PNP PCOL JEAN S FAJARDO
HS Deputy Director PCOL MA. NENITA S DE LEON
CPSM Deputy Director PCOL ERCY NANETTE P MADRIAGA
CPSM Chief of Staff PCOL ANGELA Q REJANO
HS Chief of Staff PCOL JANET M HOMO
ACG Chief of Staff PCOL VINA H GUZMAN
PNPA Asst. Dean of Academics
PCOL MARIA SHEILA T PORTENTO

PRO 7 City Director

PCOL MARIBEL B GETIGAN

NCRPO Chief of Police, Mandaluyong City

PCOL MARY GRACE R MADAYAG

Philippine
Directorate for PoliceNational
FJGADD
Police
Community Relations *Source: DPRM PAIS
 Gender and Development: Manifestation of Gender Bias

4. Gender Marginalization
It is the process which forces
women out into the periphery of
economic and social life, on the
periphery of decision-making
process as well as diminishing
the values of the activities in
which they engage and through
which they contribute to the
national development process.

Ex: Community Decision-

Making

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Men continue to dominate

the corporate world, politics
and sports.

Women dominate service

occupations which are
valued less.

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Manifestation of Gender Bias

5. Violence against Women (VAW)

Women become victims of all

forms of violence, like battering,
rape, sexual harassment, female
genital mutilation and other
traditional practices harmful to
women simply because they are
women and occupy a
subordinate status in society.

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Manifestation of Gender Bias

Violence against Women and Children (VAWC) Cases

recorded by WCPC
(January 2021 to July 2023)
January to
2021 2022
July 2023
PCOs 114 81 45
PNCOs 1,028 966 463
NUP 0 0 0
TOTAL 1,142 1,047 508

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Manifestation of Gender Bias

There is International consensus in one research that

affirms VAW is driven by GENDER INEQUALITY.

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

What is MOVE?
MOVE (Men Opposed to Violence Against Women
Everywhere) is an organization of men whose members
have dedicated themselves to be actively involved in
eliminating all forms of discrimination against women
particularly violence against women (VAW ).

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Proclamation 1172 declared that from November 25 to December

12 of every year will be the “18-day Campaign to end violence against
women”.
PNP MOVE Summits

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Gender Biases of Men

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Gender Biases of Men in the Family

 Wrong perception that men are
only interested in sex.
 Discrimination and lack of support
for men who decides to stay at
home.
 Unfair expectation that men are
supposed to be the breadwinners.
FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Gender Biases of Men in the Workplace

 Unrealistic expectations
from male workers;
 More exposed to dangerous
jobs;
 Abusive working conditions

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Gender Issues of Men in Society

 Toxic masculinity;
 Wrong depiction of men in the
media;
 Traditional perception on how
men should behave;
 Lack of support of men who are
victims of abuse
FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Gender, Power
& Development

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development

What do you see?

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Magna Carta of Women

(RA 9710)
The Magna Carta of Women is a comprehensive
women’s human rights law that seeks to
eliminate discrimination against women by
recognizing, protecting, fulfilling and promoting
the rights of Filipino women, especially those in
marginalized sector.

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

What are the Rights of Women according to

Magna Carta of Women?

1. Protection from all forms of violence;

2. Safety during calamities, crises and others;
3. Participation and Representation;
4. Equal treatment before the law;
5. Equal access in education, scholarships, and training; and
6. Comprehensive health services

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

Other Women Rights in Magna Carta of Women:

1. Equal protection in sports, military, police, and similar services;

2. Equal rights in all matters relating to marriage and family
relations;
3. Comprehensive health care services, health information, and
education; and
4. Non-discriminatory portrayal in Media and Film

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

MECHANISMS for the Implementation of the

Magna Carta of Women:
1. All NGAs, including LGUs, shall promote Gender Mainstreaming in
the implementation of the law and its objectives.

2. All NGAs, public schools and state universities, GOCCs, LGUs, etc.
must have GAD Plan and Budget annually. The GAD budget is equal
to at least 5% of their total funds. And it is also necessary to establish
the "GAD Focal Point System" to accelerate "Gender
Mainstreaming".

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development

BASIC PREMISES ON GENDER EQUALITY

A. Not a war between sexes;

B. Not anti-male;
C. Both women and men are victims although there are
more women victims than men; and
D. Both men and women have a stake in the struggle.

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development

Gender SENSITIVITY

 the ability to recognize gender issues and

especially the ability to recognize women’s
different perception and interest arising from
their different social location and different
gender roles.

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development

R.A. 11313:
“The Safe Spaces Act” or “BAWAL BASTOS LAW”
PROHIBITED PENALTIES
Cursing 1st Violation:
Wolf-Whistling 1,000 Fine and 12 Hour Community Service with
Gender Sensitivity Seminar
Catcalling
Leering 2nd Violation:
Intrusive Gazing 3,000 Fine and 6-10 Days Imprisonment

Taunting
Unwanted Invitations 3rd Violation:
Misogynistic, Transphobic, 10,000 Fine and 11-30 Days Imprisonment
Homophobic,
FJGADD Sexist Slurs
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development

How To Be Gender Sensitive?

Respect every person regardless of age, ability (physical

or mental), belief/religion, educational attainment, race,
ethinic group, social status, marital status, region of
origin, color, sexual assignment and gender identity.

Never assume another person’s identity based on that

person’s appearance.

Do not judge a person based on the little that we know.

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development

Diversity and Inclusion

Diversity
 It contributes to creating a safer and
more just society.
 It increases the effectiveness of law
enforcement.

Inclusion
 It ensures that all members of the community
feel heard and valued.
 The community will be more likely to trust and
FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations cooperate with the police.
 Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development

GENDER BIASES
are deterrents
to development. Thus, it is
important to address them in
development planning.

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development

Personal Societal
Development Development

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development

Be Gender-Responsive! DECISIONS

Use your position to help redress gender

biases, and promote women empowerment,
and gender equality, through your
daily actions and decisions. ACTIONS

Be an Inclusive Leader!
Encourage collaboration; and foster
sense of belonging. Celebrate
DIVERSITY, and Promote CULTURE
FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations OF BELONGING.
 Gender and Development: Basic Concepts

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations
 Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development

FJGADD
Directorate for Police Community Relations