Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Synthesis
Chapter 2
Network transform
representation and analysis
2.1 The transformed circuit
• When analyzing a network in time domain we will be dealing
with
Derivation and
Integration
• Resistor
v(t ) Ri (t ) V ( s ) RI ( s )
cont…
• Inductor
– The time domain relation ships are
di (t )
v(t ) L
dt
t
1
i (t ) v( )d i (0 )
L 0
V ( s ) sLI ( s ) Li (0 )
V ( s ) i (0 )
I (s)
sL s
Cont…
Cont…
• An inductor is represented in frequency domain as
or
– An admittance 1/sL in parallel with a current source
I ( s ) v (0 )
V (s)
sC s
I ( s ) sCV ( s ) Cv (0 )
Cont….
Cont….
• A capacitor is represented in frequency domain as
An impedance 1/sC in series with a voltage source
or
An admittance sC in parallel with a current source
1
L h C 1f
2
G 1 mho V 1v
Ex 3 Solution
• The transformed circuit becomes
Ex 3 Solution
• The transformed equations become
R( s) H ( s) E ( s)
• The system function may have many different
forms and may have special names. Such as:
– Driving point admittance
– Transfer impedance
– Voltage or current ratio transfer function
• This is because the excitation and response
may be taken from the same port or different
ports and the excitation and response can be
either voltage or current.
Impedance
• Transfer impedance is when the excitation is a
current source and the response is a voltage.
V0 ( s )
H (s)
I g (s)
1
H (s)
1
sL R
sC
Voltage ratio transfer function
• When the excitation is a voltage source and
the response is a voltage.
V0 ( s )
H (s)
Vg ( s )
Z 2 (s)
H ( s)
Z1 ( s ) Z 2 ( s )
Current ratio transfer function
• When the excitation is a current source and
the response is a current.
I 0 (s)
H (s)
I g (s)
1
H ( s ) sL R
1
sC
sL R
1
H (s) sC
1
R sL
sC
• Note that, the system function is a function of
the system elements only.
• It is obtained from the network by using the
standard circuit laws. Such as:
– Kirchhoffs law
– Nodal analysis
– Mesh analysis
Example 4
• Obtain the driving point impedance of the network.
Then using the following excitations determine the
response.
1. ig (t ) Sinwot u (t )
2. The square pulse on figure b
3. The waveform on figure c
a b c
• First lets find the driving point impedance
• Note that it is the equivalent impedance of
the 3 elements
1 s
H (s)
1
sC G C s 2 G s 1
sL C CL
1. ig (t ) Sinwot u (t )
Its transform is
w0
I (S ) 2
s wo2
wo s
Vo ( s ) I g ( s ) H ( s ) 2 .
s wo 2
2
G 1
C s s
C LC
2. The excitation is given as
i (t ) u (t ) u (t a )
1 1 as
I (s) e
s s
Hence, the response is
as
1 e s
Vo ( s ) I g ( s ) H ( s ) .
s 2 G 1
C s s
C LC
3. The excitation is given as
t t a
ig (t ) u (t ) u (t ) u (t a )
a a
1 1 e as
I (s) 2 2
s as as
• Consider the partial fraction expansion of R(s)
where si are the poles of H(s) and sj are the poles of E(s).
• Taking the inverse Laplace transform of R(s)
si t
• The terms Ai e are associated with the system
H(s) and are called the free response terms.
s jt
• The terms B j e are due to the excitation E(s)
and are called the forced response terms.
• The frequencies si are the natural frequency of
the system, while the frequencies sj are the
frequencies of the excitation.
Problem
• Find the free response and the forced
response for the circuit below. The system is
inert before applying the source.
1
v g (t ) (cos t )u (t )
2
2.3 Poles and zeros of system
• We will discuss the relationship between the
poles and zeros of a system function and its
steady state sinusoidal response.
• In other words, we will investigate the effect
of positions of poles and zeros upon H(s) on
the jw axis.
• To find the steady-state sinusoidal response of
a system function we replace ‘s’ by ‘jw’.
• Hence, the system function becomes
H ( jw) H ( s ) |s jw
H ( jw) M ( w)e j ( w)
Where
M(w) is the amplitude or magnitude response
φ(w) is the phase response
• The amplitude and phase response of a
system provide valuable information in the
analysis and design of transmission circuits.
• Consider the low pass filter
• Observe that
– It passes only frequency
below wc
– The phase response is
almost linear till wc
• Hence, if all the significant harmonic terms are
less than wc , then the system will produce
minimum phase distortion.
• In the rest of this section, we will concentrate
on methods to obtain amplitude and phase
response curves.
R-C network
• 1 1
V ( s) sC
H ( s) 2 RC
V1 ( s ) R 1 s
1
sC RC
• Phase
( j 2) 900 71.80 450 26.80
Exercise
• The phase is
arg( jw 1) tan 1 w
• A straight line approximation can be obtained
by examining the asymptotic behavior of the
factor jw+1.
• For w<<1, the low frequency asymptote is
20 logw 1 20 log1 0dB
1
2 2
• The phase is
2 2
( w) tan 1
1 w2
• The asymptotic behavior is
– For low frequency, w<<1
20 log1 0dB
1
20 log 1 w 4
2 2 2
w 2 2
40 log w
1
20 log 1 w 4
2 2 2
w 2 2