Network Analysis and

Synthesis
Chapter 2
Network transform
representation and analysis
2.1 The transformed circuit
• When analyzing a network in time domain we will be dealing
with
 Derivation and
 Integration

• However, when transformed to complex frequency domain

these become
 Derivation -> multiplication by ‘s’
 Integration -> division by ‘s’

• Hence, it is easier to do network analysis in complex

frequency domain.
 cont…

• The voltage current relationships of network elements in time

domain and complex frequency domain are given as:

• Resistor

v(t )  Ri (t ) V ( s )  RI ( s )
 cont…
• Inductor
– The time domain relation ships are

di (t )
v(t )  L
dt
t
1
i (t )   v( )d  i (0  )
L 0

– In frequency domain they become

V ( s )  sLI ( s )  Li (0  )
V ( s ) i (0  )
I (s)  
sL s
Cont…
 Cont…
• An inductor is represented in frequency domain as

– An impedance sL in series with a voltage source

Used in mesh analysis.

or
– An admittance 1/sL in parallel with a current source

Used in nodal analysis.

 Cont…
• Capacitor
– The time domain relation ships are
t
1
v(t )   i ( )d  v(0  )
C 0
dv(t )
i (t )  C
dt
– In frequency domain they become

I ( s ) v (0  )
V (s)  
sC s
I ( s )  sCV ( s )  Cv (0  )
Cont….
 Cont….
• A capacitor is represented in frequency domain as
 An impedance 1/sC in series with a voltage source

Used in mesh analysis.

or
 An admittance sC in parallel with a current source

Used in nodal analysis.

 Example 1
• In the figure below, the switch is switched from position 1 to 2 at
t=0. Draw its transformed circuit and write the transformed
equations using mesh analysis.
 Ex 1 Solution
• The transformed circuit is
 Ex 1 Solution
• The transformed equations become
 Example 2
• The switch is thrown to position 2 at t=0. Find i(t).
iL (0  )  2amp
vC (0  )  2V
 Ex 2 Solution
• The transformed circuit is
 Ex 2 Solution

• Writing the transformed equation

5 2  2
 2    3  s   I (s)
s s  s
• Solving for I(s)
2s  3
I (s) 
( s  2)( s  1)
1 1
I (s)  
s  2 s 1
• Inverse transforming
2 t t
i (t )  e e
 Example 3
• At t=0, the switch is opened. Find the node voltages v1 and v2

1
L h C  1f
2
G  1 mho V  1v
 Ex 3 Solution
• The transformed circuit becomes
 Ex 3 Solution
• The transformed equations become

• Solving these 2 equations

End of today's class !!!
 2.2 System function
• The excitation , e(t), and response, r(t), of a linear
system are related by a linear differential equation.
• When transformed to complex frequency domain the
relationship between excitation and response is
algebraic one.
• When the system is initially inert, the excitation and
response are related by the system function H(s)
given by

R( s)  H ( s) E ( s)
• The system function may have many different
forms and may have special names. Such as:
– Driving point admittance
– Transfer impedance
– Voltage or current ratio transfer function
• This is because the excitation and response
may be taken from the same port or different
ports and the excitation and response can be
either voltage or current.
 Impedance
• Transfer impedance is when the excitation is a
current source and the response is a voltage.
V0 ( s )
H (s) 
I g (s)

• When both the excitation and response is at

the same port it is called driving point
impedance.
1
sL
H ( s )  R  sC
1
 sL
sC
 Admittance
• Transfer admittance is when the excitation is a
voltage source and the response is a current.
I 0 (s)
H (s) 
Vg ( s )

1
H (s) 
1
sL  R
sC
 Voltage ratio transfer function
• When the excitation is a voltage source and
the response is a voltage.
V0 ( s )
H (s) 
Vg ( s )

Z 2 (s)
H ( s) 
Z1 ( s )  Z 2 ( s )
 Current ratio transfer function
• When the excitation is a current source and
the response is a current.
I 0 (s)
H (s) 
I g (s)
1
H ( s )  sL  R
1
sC 
sL  R
1
H (s)  sC
1
R  sL 
sC
• Note that, the system function is a function of
the system elements only.
• It is obtained from the network by using the
standard circuit laws. Such as:
– Kirchhoffs law
– Nodal analysis
– Mesh analysis
 Example 4
• Obtain the driving point impedance of the network.
Then using the following excitations determine the
response.
1. ig (t )  Sinwot u (t )
2. The square pulse on figure b
3. The waveform on figure c

a b c
• First lets find the driving point impedance
• Note that it is the equivalent impedance of
the 3 elements
1 s
H (s)  
1
sC   G C  s 2   G  s  1 
sL   C  CL 
1. ig (t )  Sinwot u (t )
Its transform is
w0
I (S )  2
s  wo2

Hence, the response is

wo s
Vo ( s )  I g ( s ) H ( s )  2 .
s  wo  2
2
G 1 
C s  s  
 C LC 
2. The excitation is given as
i (t )  u (t )  u (t  a )
1 1  as
I (s)   e
s s
Hence, the response is
 as
1 e s
Vo ( s )  I g ( s ) H ( s )  .
s  2 G 1 
C s  s 
 C LC 
3. The excitation is given as
t t a
ig (t )  u (t )  u (t )  u (t  a )
a a
1 1 e  as
I (s)   2  2
s as as
• Consider the partial fraction expansion of R(s)

where si are the poles of H(s) and sj are the poles of E(s).
• Taking the inverse Laplace transform of R(s)

si t
• The terms Ai e are associated with the system
H(s) and are called the free response terms.
 s jt
• The terms B j e are due to the excitation E(s)
and are called the forced response terms.
• The frequencies si are the natural frequency of
the system, while the frequencies sj are the
frequencies of the excitation.
 Problem
• Find the free response and the forced
response for the circuit below. The system is
inert before applying the source.
1
v g (t )  (cos t )u (t )
2
 2.3 Poles and zeros of system
• We will discuss the relationship between the
poles and zeros of a system function and its
steady state sinusoidal response.
• In other words, we will investigate the effect
of positions of poles and zeros upon H(s) on
the jw axis.
• To find the steady-state sinusoidal response of
a system function we replace ‘s’ by ‘jw’.
• Hence, the system function becomes
H ( jw)  H ( s ) |s  jw
H ( jw)  M ( w)e j ( w)
Where
 M(w) is the amplitude or magnitude response
 φ(w) is the phase response
• The amplitude and phase response of a
system provide valuable information in the
analysis and design of transmission circuits.
• Consider the low pass filter
• Observe that
– It passes only frequency
below wc
– The phase response is
almost linear till wc
• Hence, if all the significant harmonic terms are
less than wc , then the system will produce
minimum phase distortion.
• In the rest of this section, we will concentrate
on methods to obtain amplitude and phase
response curves.
 R-C network
• 1 1
V ( s) sC
H ( s)  2   RC
V1 ( s ) R  1 s
1
sC RC

• To obtain H(jw) we substitute s by jw.

1
H ( jw)  RC
1
jw 
RC
• In polar form H(jw) becomes
1
H ( jw)  RC e  j tan 1 wRC
 M ( w)e j ( w )
1
 2 1  2
w  2 2 
 RC 
1
M ( w)  RC
1
 2 1  2
 w  2 2 
 R C 
 ( w)   tan 1 wRC 
• The amplitude is unity and the phase is zero
degrees at w=0.
• The amplitude and phase decrease
monotonically as we increase w.
• When w=1/RC, the amplitude is 0.707 and
phase is -450.
Half power point

• As w increases to infinity M(w) goes to zero and

the phase approaches -900.
 Amplitude and phase from pole-zero
diagram
• For the system function
A0 ( s  z0 )( s  z1 )
H ( s) 
( s  p0 )( s  p1 )( s  p2 )
• H(jw) can be written as
A0 ( jw  z0 )( jw  z1 )
H ( jw) 
( jw  p0 )( jw  p1 )( jw  p2 )

• Each one of the ( jw  zi ) or ( jw  p j ) represent

a vector from zi or pj to the jw axis at w.
• If we express
j i j j
jw  zi  N i e , jw  p j  M j e
• Then H(jw) can be given as
A0 N1 N 2 j  0  1  2 0 1 2 
H ( jw)  e
M 0 M 1M 2
• In general,
 Example
4s
F ( s)  2
• For s  2s  2 find the magnitude and
phase for w=2.
• Solution
– First let us find the zeros and poles
4 jw
F ( jw) 
( jw  1  j )( jw  1  j )
– Zero at jw=0
– Poles at ( jw  1  j ) and ( jw  1  j )
• Magnitude
2 4
M ( j 2)  4 * 
2 * 10 5

• Phase
 ( j 2)  900  71.80  450  26.80
 Exercise

• Examine the property of F(s) around the poles

and zeroes.
 Bode plots
• In this section we turn our attention to semi
logarithmic plots of system function, called
Bode plots.
• In these plots we take the logarithm of the
amplitude and plot it on linear frequency
scale.
• For amplitude M(jw), if we express in terms of
decibel it becomes 20 log M ( jw)
• For system function
N (s)
H ( s) 
D( s)
| N ( jw) |
M ( jw) | H ( jw) |
| D( jw) |
• If we express the amplitude in terms of
decibels we have
20 log M ( jw)  20 log | N ( jw) | 20 log | D( jw) |
• In factored from both N(s) and D(s) are made up
of 4 kinds of terms
1. Constant K
2. A root at origin, s
3. A simple real root, s-a
s 2  2s   2   2
4. A complex set of roots,
• To understand the nature of log-amplitude
plots, we only need to discuss the amplitude
response of these 4 terms.
• If the term is on the numerator it carries
positive sign, if on denominator negative sign.
 1. Constant K
• The dB gain or loss is
20 log K  K 2
• K2 is either positive |K|>1 or negative |K|<1.
• The phase is either 00 for K>0, or 1800 for K<0.
 Single root at origin, s
• The loss or gain of a single root at origin is
 20 log | jw | 20 log w
• Thus the plot of magnitude in dB vs frequency
is a straight line with slope of 20 or -20.
• 20 when s is in the numerator.
• -20 when s is in the denominator.
• The phase is either 900 or -900.
• 900 when s is in the numerator.
• -900 when s is in the denominator.
 The factor s+α
• For convenience lets set α=1. Then the
magnitude is
 20 log | jw  1 | 20 logw  1
1
2 2

• The phase is
arg( jw  1)  tan 1 w
• A straight line approximation can be obtained
by examining the asymptotic behavior of the
factor jw+1.
• For w<<1, the low frequency asymptote is
 20 logw  1  20 log1  0dB
1
2 2

• For w>>1, the high frequency asymptote is

 20 log w  1  20 log w
1
2 2

Which has a slope of  20 log w decibel/decade

• These 2 asymptotic approximations meet at w=1.
• Note that the maximum error is for w=1 or
for the non normalized one w=α.
• For the general case α different from 1, we
normalize the term by dividing by α.
• The low frequency asymptote is
1
w 2
 2
20 log 2  1  20 log 1  0dB
 
• The high frequency asymptote is
1
w2
 2
20 log 2  1  20 log w  20 log 
 
 For complex conjugates
• For complex conjugates it is convenient to
adopt a standard symbol.
• We describe the pole (zero) in terms of
magnitude ω0 and angle θ measured from the
negative real axis.
• These parameters that describe the pole
(zero) are ω0, the undamped frequency of
oscillation, and ζ, the damping factor.
• If the pole (zero) pair is given as
p1, 2    j

• α and β are related to ω0 and ζ with

  0 cos   0
  0 sin   0 1   2

• Substituting these terms in the conjugate

equation ( s  p1 )(s  p2 )
 
( jw    j )( jw    j )  jw  0  j0 1   2 jw  0  j0 1   2 

  w2  2 jw0  0
2

• For ω0=1 (for convenience), the magnitude of
conjugate pairs can be expressed as
 
1

 20 log 1  w2  j 2w  20 log 1  w   4

2 2 2
w 2 2

• The phase is
2 2
 ( w)  tan 1
1  w2
• The asymptotic behavior is
– For low frequency, w<<1
   20 log1  0dB
1

 20 log 1  w   4
2 2 2
w 2 2

– For high frequency, w>>1

   40 log w
1

 20 log 1  w   4
2 2 2
w 2 2

which is a straight line with slope of 40dB/decade.

• These 2 asymptotes meet at w=1.
 Example
• Using Bode plot asymptotes, draw the
magnitude vs. frequency for the following
system function
0.1s
G (s) 
 s   s 2
s 
  1 4
 3  1
 50  16 *10 10 
Actual plot