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Chapter 2

This document discusses network analysis and synthesis in the frequency domain. It introduces network transforms and how derivatives and integrals are represented when moving from the time domain to the complex frequency domain. Various network elements such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors are analyzed. Examples are provided to demonstrate network analysis techniques like mesh analysis and nodal analysis in the frequency domain. The concept of system functions is introduced and different types are described like impedance, admittance, and voltage/current ratio transfer functions. Poles, zeros, free response, and forced response of systems are also discussed.

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HMichael Abe
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
39 views67 pages

Chapter 2

This document discusses network analysis and synthesis in the frequency domain. It introduces network transforms and how derivatives and integrals are represented when moving from the time domain to the complex frequency domain. Various network elements such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors are analyzed. Examples are provided to demonstrate network analysis techniques like mesh analysis and nodal analysis in the frequency domain. The concept of system functions is introduced and different types are described like impedance, admittance, and voltage/current ratio transfer functions. Poles, zeros, free response, and forced response of systems are also discussed.

Uploaded by

HMichael Abe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Analysis and

Synthesis
Chapter 2
Network transform
representation and analysis
2.1 The transformed circuit
• When analyzing a network in time domain we will be dealing
with
 Derivation and
 Integration

• However, when transformed to complex frequency domain


these become
 Derivation -> multiplication by ‘s’
 Integration -> division by ‘s’

• Hence, it is easier to do network analysis in complex


frequency domain.
cont…

• The voltage current relationships of network elements in time


domain and complex frequency domain are given as:

• Resistor

v(t )  Ri (t ) V ( s )  RI ( s )
cont…
• Inductor
– The time domain relation ships are

di (t )
v(t )  L
dt
t
1
i (t )   v( )d  i (0  )
L 0

– In frequency domain they become

V ( s )  sLI ( s )  Li (0  )
V ( s ) i (0  )
I (s)  
sL s
Cont…
Cont…
• An inductor is represented in frequency domain as

– An impedance sL in series with a voltage source

Used in mesh analysis.

or
– An admittance 1/sL in parallel with a current source

Used in nodal analysis.


Cont…
• Capacitor
– The time domain relation ships are
t
1
v(t )   i ( )d  v(0  )
C 0
dv(t )
i (t )  C
dt
– In frequency domain they become

I ( s ) v (0  )
V (s)  
sC s
I ( s )  sCV ( s )  Cv (0  )
Cont….
Cont….
• A capacitor is represented in frequency domain as
 An impedance 1/sC in series with a voltage source

Used in mesh analysis.

or
 An admittance sC in parallel with a current source

Used in nodal analysis.


Example 1
• In the figure below, the switch is switched from position 1 to 2 at
t=0. Draw its transformed circuit and write the transformed
equations using mesh analysis.
Ex 1 Solution
• The transformed circuit is
Ex 1 Solution
• The transformed equations become
Example 2
• The switch is thrown to position 2 at t=0. Find i(t).
iL (0  )  2amp
vC (0  )  2V
Ex 2 Solution
• The transformed circuit is
Ex 2 Solution

• Writing the transformed equation


5 2  2
 2    3  s   I (s)
s s  s
• Solving for I(s)
2s  3
I (s) 
( s  2)( s  1)
1 1
I (s)  
s  2 s 1
• Inverse transforming
2 t t
i (t )  e e
Example 3
• At t=0, the switch is opened. Find the node voltages v1 and v2

1
L h C  1f
2
G  1 mho V  1v
Ex 3 Solution
• The transformed circuit becomes
Ex 3 Solution
• The transformed equations become

• Solving these 2 equations


End of today's class !!!
2.2 System function
• The excitation , e(t), and response, r(t), of a linear
system are related by a linear differential equation.
• When transformed to complex frequency domain the
relationship between excitation and response is
algebraic one.
• When the system is initially inert, the excitation and
response are related by the system function H(s)
given by

R( s)  H ( s) E ( s)
• The system function may have many different
forms and may have special names. Such as:
– Driving point admittance
– Transfer impedance
– Voltage or current ratio transfer function
• This is because the excitation and response
may be taken from the same port or different
ports and the excitation and response can be
either voltage or current.
Impedance
• Transfer impedance is when the excitation is a
current source and the response is a voltage.
V0 ( s )
H (s) 
I g (s)

• When both the excitation and response is at


the same port it is called driving point
impedance.
1
sL
H ( s )  R  sC
1
 sL
sC
Admittance
• Transfer admittance is when the excitation is a
voltage source and the response is a current.
I 0 (s)
H (s) 
Vg ( s )

1
H (s) 
1
sL  R
sC
Voltage ratio transfer function
• When the excitation is a voltage source and
the response is a voltage.
V0 ( s )
H (s) 
Vg ( s )

Z 2 (s)
H ( s) 
Z1 ( s )  Z 2 ( s )
Current ratio transfer function
• When the excitation is a current source and
the response is a current.
I 0 (s)
H (s) 
I g (s)
1
H ( s )  sL  R
1
sC 
sL  R
1
H (s)  sC
1
R  sL 
sC
• Note that, the system function is a function of
the system elements only.
• It is obtained from the network by using the
standard circuit laws. Such as:
– Kirchhoffs law
– Nodal analysis
– Mesh analysis
Example 4
• Obtain the driving point impedance of the network.
Then using the following excitations determine the
response.
1. ig (t )  Sinwot u (t )
2. The square pulse on figure b
3. The waveform on figure c

a b c
• First lets find the driving point impedance
• Note that it is the equivalent impedance of
the 3 elements
1 s
H (s)  
1
sC   G C  s 2   G  s  1 
sL   C  CL 
1. ig (t )  Sinwot u (t )
Its transform is
w0
I (S )  2
s  wo2

Hence, the response is

wo s
Vo ( s )  I g ( s ) H ( s )  2 .
s  wo  2
2
G 1 
C s  s  
 C LC 
2. The excitation is given as
i (t )  u (t )  u (t  a )
1 1  as
I (s)   e
s s
Hence, the response is
 as
1 e s
Vo ( s )  I g ( s ) H ( s )  .
s  2 G 1 
C s  s 
 C LC 
3. The excitation is given as
t t a
ig (t )  u (t )  u (t )  u (t  a )
a a
1 1 e  as
I (s)   2  2
s as as
• Consider the partial fraction expansion of R(s)

where si are the poles of H(s) and sj are the poles of E(s).
• Taking the inverse Laplace transform of R(s)

si t
• The terms Ai e are associated with the system
H(s) and are called the free response terms.
s jt
• The terms B j e are due to the excitation E(s)
and are called the forced response terms.
• The frequencies si are the natural frequency of
the system, while the frequencies sj are the
frequencies of the excitation.
Problem
• Find the free response and the forced
response for the circuit below. The system is
inert before applying the source.
1
v g (t )  (cos t )u (t )
2
2.3 Poles and zeros of system
• We will discuss the relationship between the
poles and zeros of a system function and its
steady state sinusoidal response.
• In other words, we will investigate the effect
of positions of poles and zeros upon H(s) on
the jw axis.
• To find the steady-state sinusoidal response of
a system function we replace ‘s’ by ‘jw’.
• Hence, the system function becomes
H ( jw)  H ( s ) |s  jw
H ( jw)  M ( w)e j ( w)
Where
 M(w) is the amplitude or magnitude response
 φ(w) is the phase response
• The amplitude and phase response of a
system provide valuable information in the
analysis and design of transmission circuits.
• Consider the low pass filter
• Observe that
– It passes only frequency
below wc
– The phase response is
almost linear till wc
• Hence, if all the significant harmonic terms are
less than wc , then the system will produce
minimum phase distortion.
• In the rest of this section, we will concentrate
on methods to obtain amplitude and phase
response curves.
R-C network
• 1 1
V ( s) sC
H ( s)  2   RC
V1 ( s ) R  1 s
1
sC RC

• To obtain H(jw) we substitute s by jw.


1
H ( jw)  RC
1
jw 
RC
• In polar form H(jw) becomes
1
H ( jw)  RC e  j tan 1 wRC
 M ( w)e j ( w )
1
 2 1  2
w  2 2 
 RC 
1
M ( w)  RC
1
 2 1  2
 w  2 2 
 R C 
 ( w)   tan 1 wRC 
• The amplitude is unity and the phase is zero
degrees at w=0.
• The amplitude and phase decrease
monotonically as we increase w.
• When w=1/RC, the amplitude is 0.707 and
phase is -450.
Half power point

• As w increases to infinity M(w) goes to zero and


the phase approaches -900.
Amplitude and phase from pole-zero
diagram
• For the system function
A0 ( s  z0 )( s  z1 )
H ( s) 
( s  p0 )( s  p1 )( s  p2 )
• H(jw) can be written as
A0 ( jw  z0 )( jw  z1 )
H ( jw) 
( jw  p0 )( jw  p1 )( jw  p2 )

• Each one of the ( jw  zi ) or ( jw  p j ) represent


a vector from zi or pj to the jw axis at w.
• If we express
j i j j
jw  zi  N i e , jw  p j  M j e
• Then H(jw) can be given as
A0 N1 N 2 j  0  1  2 0 1 2 
H ( jw)  e
M 0 M 1M 2
• In general,
Example
4s
F ( s)  2
• For s  2s  2 find the magnitude and
phase for w=2.
• Solution
– First let us find the zeros and poles
4 jw
F ( jw) 
( jw  1  j )( jw  1  j )
– Zero at jw=0
– Poles at ( jw  1  j ) and ( jw  1  j )
• Magnitude
2 4
M ( j 2)  4 * 
2 * 10 5

• Phase
 ( j 2)  900  71.80  450  26.80
Exercise

• Examine the property of F(s) around the poles


and zeroes.
Bode plots
• In this section we turn our attention to semi
logarithmic plots of system function, called
Bode plots.
• In these plots we take the logarithm of the
amplitude and plot it on linear frequency
scale.
• For amplitude M(jw), if we express in terms of
decibel it becomes 20 log M ( jw)
• For system function
N (s)
H ( s) 
D( s)
| N ( jw) |
M ( jw) | H ( jw) |
| D( jw) |
• If we express the amplitude in terms of
decibels we have
20 log M ( jw)  20 log | N ( jw) | 20 log | D( jw) |
• In factored from both N(s) and D(s) are made up
of 4 kinds of terms
1. Constant K
2. A root at origin, s
3. A simple real root, s-a
s 2  2s   2   2
4. A complex set of roots,
• To understand the nature of log-amplitude
plots, we only need to discuss the amplitude
response of these 4 terms.
• If the term is on the numerator it carries
positive sign, if on denominator negative sign.
1. Constant K
• The dB gain or loss is
20 log K  K 2
• K2 is either positive |K|>1 or negative |K|<1.
• The phase is either 00 for K>0, or 1800 for K<0.
Single root at origin, s
• The loss or gain of a single root at origin is
 20 log | jw | 20 log w
• Thus the plot of magnitude in dB vs frequency
is a straight line with slope of 20 or -20.
• 20 when s is in the numerator.
• -20 when s is in the denominator.
• The phase is either 900 or -900.
• 900 when s is in the numerator.
• -900 when s is in the denominator.
The factor s+α
• For convenience lets set α=1. Then the
magnitude is
 20 log | jw  1 | 20 logw  1
1
2 2

• The phase is
arg( jw  1)  tan 1 w
• A straight line approximation can be obtained
by examining the asymptotic behavior of the
factor jw+1.
• For w<<1, the low frequency asymptote is
 20 logw  1  20 log1  0dB
1
2 2

• For w>>1, the high frequency asymptote is


 20 log w  1  20 log w
1
2 2

Which has a slope of  20 log w decibel/decade


• These 2 asymptotic approximations meet at w=1.
• Note that the maximum error is for w=1 or
for the non normalized one w=α.
• For the general case α different from 1, we
normalize the term by dividing by α.
• The low frequency asymptote is
1
w 2
 2
20 log 2  1  20 log 1  0dB
 
• The high frequency asymptote is
1
w2
 2
20 log 2  1  20 log w  20 log 
 
For complex conjugates
• For complex conjugates it is convenient to
adopt a standard symbol.
• We describe the pole (zero) in terms of
magnitude ω0 and angle θ measured from the
negative real axis.
• These parameters that describe the pole
(zero) are ω0, the undamped frequency of
oscillation, and ζ, the damping factor.
• If the pole (zero) pair is given as
p1, 2    j

• α and β are related to ω0 and ζ with


  0 cos   0
  0 sin   0 1   2

• Substituting these terms in the conjugate


equation ( s  p1 )(s  p2 )
 
( jw    j )( jw    j )  jw  0  j0 1   2 jw  0  j0 1   2 

  w2  2 jw0  0
2

• For ω0=1 (for convenience), the magnitude of
conjugate pairs can be expressed as
 
1

 20 log 1  w2  j 2w  20 log 1  w   4


2 2 2
w 2 2

• The phase is
2 2
 ( w)  tan 1
1  w2
• The asymptotic behavior is
– For low frequency, w<<1
   20 log1  0dB
1

 20 log 1  w   4
2 2 2
w 2 2

– For high frequency, w>>1

   40 log w
1

 20 log 1  w   4
2 2 2
w 2 2

which is a straight line with slope of 40dB/decade.


• These 2 asymptotes meet at w=1.
Example
• Using Bode plot asymptotes, draw the
magnitude vs. frequency for the following
system function
0.1s
G (s) 
 s   s 2
s 
  1 4
 3  1
 50  16 *10 10 
Actual plot

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