Enrichment Class

ALGEBRA
Prepared By:
Engr. Angelo M. Bargo
Engr. John Christian Rey Celiz
Engr. Justine Rheyvan R. Tataro
Engr. April Joy F. Aguado
OVERVIEW
• PRE-TEST
 20 minutes Pre – Test will be Conducted

• Lecture and Tutorials

 Full content will be discussed including the foundational knowledge for the higher mathematics and
calculator techniques

• POST-TEST
 Post test will be conducted to determine the learnings of the students
REAL NUMBERS
• WHAT ARE REAL NUMBERS?

Any number that we can think of, except complex numbers, is a real
number. For example, 3, 0, 1.5, 3/2, √5, and so on are real numbers.

• TYPES OF REAL NUMBERS

We know that real numbers include rational numbers and irrational numbers. Thus, there does not
exist any real number that is neither rational nor irrational. It simply means that if we pick up any
number from R, it is either rational or irrational.
 REAL NUMBERS
• SYMBOL OF REAL NUMBERS

𝑁 − 𝑁𝐴𝑇𝑈𝑅𝐴𝐿 𝑁𝑈𝑀𝐵𝐸𝑅
𝑊 −𝑊𝐻𝑂𝐿𝐸 𝑁𝑈𝑀𝐵𝐸𝑅
𝑍 − 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝐸𝐺𝐸𝑅
𝑄− 𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁𝐴𝐿 𝑁𝑈𝑀𝐵𝐸𝑅
𝑄− 𝐼𝑅𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁𝐴𝐿 𝑁𝑈𝑀𝐵𝐸𝑅
 REAL NUMBERS
Example A.

Identify the real numbers among the following:

ANS:

Example B.

Identify the complex numbers among the following:

ANS:

Example C.

Identify the rational numbers among the following:

ANS:
 SHORT QUIZ

1. Identify all the real numbers among the following:

2. Identify all the complex numbers among the following:

3. Identify all the rational numbers among the following:

4. Identify all the irrational numbers among the following:

5 Which of the following is a part of real number: Natural Number, Whole Number, Integers, Irrational
Numbers, Imaginary Numbers
 SHORT QUIZ
ANSWERS

1. Identify all the real numbers among the following:

2. Identify all the complex numbers among the following:

3. Identify all the rational numbers among the following:

4. Identify all the irrational numbers among the following:

5 Which of the following is a part of real number: Natural Number, Whole Number, Integers, Irrational
Numbers, Imaginary Numbers
 Rational Expression
Rational Expression  A rational expression is an expression in which both numerator and denominator are
polynomials. Simplifying rational expressions is done by converting the numerator and
denominator to their lowest form. A rational expression is also known as an algebraic fraction.

Examples of rational expressions

3 2
𝑥 +2 𝑥 3 +2 𝑥 2 − 8 𝑥 +2 𝑥 − 8
2
𝑥 − 3 6 𝑥 −3 6 𝑥 −3
• RESTRICTIONS OF RATIONAL EXPRESSION
Dividing a number by is not possible Thus, a rational expression (as it is a fraction) is NOT defined for the value(s)
of the variable for which the denominator is equal to 0

• For example
In the expression , the denominator becomes zero when and hence it is known as the restriction of the
rational expression
 Rational Expression
• SIMPLIFYING RATIONAL EXPRESSION
Simplifying rational expressions means reducing the value of a rational expression to its lowest terms or simplified
form. The simplification of a rational expression is the same as how we simplify fractions. In fractions, when the
numerator and denominator of a rational number have no common factor other than 1, we consider that it is its
simplified form. The same thing works for simplifying rational expressions as well but the only difference is of
having polynomials in the fraction

Steps in simplifying rational expressions

Step 1: Factorize the numerator and denominator by taking the common factors

Step 2: Cancel out the common factors

Step 3:Write the remaining terms of the numerator and denominator

Step 4:Determine the restrictions if any. Note that the restrictions are any values that make the denominator zero
 Rational Expression
Example A
Simplify the expression
2
3 𝑦 +6 𝑦
2
6 𝑦 +9 𝑦
4 𝑦 +21 𝑥
a. 31 𝑥 +2
𝑦 +2
b.
2 𝑦 +3

𝑦 +3
c. 𝑥 + 2

5+ 2 𝑥
d.
4−3 𝑦
 Rational Expression
Example A
Step 1: Factorize the numerator and denominator by
Simplify the expression taking the common factors
2
3 𝑦 +6 𝑦 3 𝑦 ( 𝑦 +2)
2
6 𝑦 +9 𝑦 3 𝑦 ( 2 𝑦 +3)
4 𝑦 +21 𝑥 Step 2: Cancel out the common factors
a. 31 𝑥 +2
3 𝑦 ( 𝑦 +2)
𝑦 +2
b. 3 𝑦 ( 2 𝑦 +3)
2 𝑦 +3
Step 3:Write the remaining terms of the numerator and denominator
𝑦 +3
c. 𝑥 + 2
𝑦 +2
5+ 2 𝑥 2 𝑦 +3
d.
4−3 𝑦
 Rational Expression
Example B
Simplify the expression
2
𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 28
3 2
𝑥 − 9 𝑥 + 14 𝑥

4 𝑥 2 +21 𝑥
a.
31 𝑥 +2
𝑦 +2
b.
2 𝑦 +3

𝑥+ 3
c. 𝑥 − 2

( 𝑥 + 4)
d.
𝑥 ( 𝑥 −2)
 Rational Expression
Example B
Simplify the expression Step 1: Factorize the numerator and denominator by
2 taking the common factors
𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 28
3 2
𝑥 − 9 𝑥 + 14 𝑥 (𝑥+ 4 )(𝑥 −7)
𝑥 (𝑥 ¿¿ 2 −9 𝑥 +14)¿ Step 3:Write the remaining terms of the
2
4 𝑥 +21 𝑥 numerator and denominator
a. ( 𝑥+ 4 )( 𝑥 −7)
31 𝑥 +2
𝑦 +2 𝑥 [ ( 𝑥 −2 ) ( 𝑥 −7 ) ] ( 𝑥 + 4)
b.
2 𝑦 +3
Step 2: Cancel out the common factors 𝑥 ( 𝑥 −2)
𝑥+ 3
c. 𝑥 − 2 ( 𝑥+ 4 )( 𝑥 −7)
𝑥 [ ( 𝑥 −2 ) ( 𝑥 −7 ) ]
( 𝑥 + 4)
d.
𝑥 ( 𝑥 −2)
 Rational Expression
• OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

The process of performing operations on rational expression is as same as that of fractions. i.e., we can
add/subtract/multiply/divide the algebraic fractions in the same way as numeric fractions.

1. Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions:

4 𝑥3+ 4 𝑥2−6 𝑦2
Example A 2 Example B 2
3 𝑥 +3 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑦 +2 𝑥𝑦
3 1 3
𝑥 +𝑥
2 4𝑥 2𝑦
+ 2 − 2
𝑥 𝑥 +𝑥 3𝑦
3𝑥 +4 𝑥
2 𝑥 +𝑥 2(2 𝑥3 + 2 𝑥 2 − 3 𝑦 2 )
3 1
+ 2 3
𝑥 +𝑥
2
4𝑥 2𝑦 2( 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦)
𝑥 𝑥 +𝑥 − 2
𝑥 (3 𝑥 + 4) 3𝑦 𝑥 +𝑥
3 2 2
3 ( 𝑥 + 𝑥 )+ 𝑥
2 𝑥 ( 𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 2 𝑥 +2 𝑥 − 3 𝑦
4 𝑥 ( 𝑥2 + 𝑥 ) −3 𝑦 (2 𝑦 ) 𝑥2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑥 ( 𝑥2 + 𝑥) (3 𝑥 +4 ) 2
2 𝑦 ( 𝑥 + 𝑥)
( 𝑥2+ 𝑥)
 Rational Expression
Example C Example D Example E
2𝑥+𝑦 2𝑦 4 𝑥 +3 𝑦 −1 −3 𝑥+ 1 2+ 𝑦
+ − +
5 𝑥𝑦 1+ 𝑥 5𝑥 3+ 𝑦 5 𝑥+1 1− 𝑦

2𝑥+𝑦 2𝑦 4 𝑥 +3 𝑦 −1 −3 𝑥+ 1 2+ 𝑦
+ − +
5 𝑥𝑦 1+ 𝑥 5𝑥 3+ 𝑦 5 𝑥+1 1− 𝑦
2 𝑥 + 𝑦 ( 1+ 𝑥 ) +2 𝑦 (5 𝑥𝑦 ) (4 𝑥+ 3) ( 3+ 𝑦 ) −( 𝑦 − 1)(5 𝑥) ( −3 𝑥+ 1 )( 1 − 𝑦 ) +( 2+ 𝑦 )(5 𝑥+ 1)
5 𝑥𝑦 (1+ 𝑥) 5 𝑥(3+ 𝑦 ) (5 𝑥+1)(1 − 𝑦)

(2 𝑥+ 𝑦 ) ( 1+ 𝑥 ) +2 𝑦 (5 𝑥𝑦 ) 12 𝑥 +4 𝑥𝑦 +9+3 𝑦 − 5 𝑥𝑦 − 5 𝑥 −3 𝑥+ 3 𝑥𝑦 + 1− 𝑦 +10 𝑥 +2+5 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦

5 𝑥𝑦 (1+ 𝑥) 15 𝑥+5 𝑥𝑦 5 𝑥 −5 𝑥𝑦 +1 − 𝑦
2
2 𝑥 +2 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 +10 𝑥 𝑦
2
7 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 +3 𝑦 +9 7 𝑥 +8 𝑥𝑦 +3
2
5 𝑥𝑦+ 5 𝑥 𝑦 15 𝑥 +5 𝑥𝑦 5 𝑥 − 5 𝑥𝑦 +1− 𝑦
 Rational Expression
2. Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expression:

Example A.
2
𝑥 −3 𝑥 −10
2
𝑥 +2 𝑥 −3 ( 𝑥 − 5) ( 𝑥 − 1) (𝑥−5)(𝑥−1)
2
𝑥 + 𝑥 −2 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 −6 𝑥 =
( 𝑥 − 1) ( 𝑥 − 2) (𝑥−1)(𝑥 −2)
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥+2) (𝑥 +3)(𝑥 − 1) ( 𝑥 − 5) ( 𝑥 − 1) ( 𝑥 − 5)
(𝑥 +2)(𝑥 −1)
𝑥 𝑥 =
(𝑥 +3)(𝑥 − 2) ( 𝑥 − 1) ( 𝑥 − 2) ( 𝑥 − 2)
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥+2) (𝑥 +3)(𝑥 − 1)
(𝑥 +2)(𝑥 −1)
𝑥
(𝑥 +3)(𝑥 − 2)
( 𝑥 − 5)
ANS:
( 𝑥 − 5) ( 𝑥 − 1) ( 𝑥 − 2)
𝑥
( 𝑥 − 1) ( 𝑥 − 2)
 Rational Expression

Example B.
2 2
𝑥 + 2 𝑥 +1 𝑥 −9
2
𝑥 +6 𝑥 +9 𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 +1) (𝑥 +3)(𝑥 − 3)
( 𝑥+3 ) ( 𝑥+ 3)
𝑥
(𝑥+1)(𝑥 −1)
( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 +1) (𝑥 +3)(𝑥 − 3) ( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 +1)( 𝑥+ 3)( 𝑥 −3)
( 𝑥+3 ) ( 𝑥+ 3)
𝑥
(𝑥+1)(𝑥 −1) ¿
( 𝑥 +3 ) ( 𝑥 +3)( 𝑥 +1)( 𝑥 −1)
( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 −3)
( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 +1) (𝑥 +3)(𝑥 − 3) ( 𝑥 +1) (𝑥 −3) ANS:
( 𝑥+3 ) ( 𝑥+ 3)
𝑥
(𝑥+1)(𝑥 −1) ¿( 𝑥 +3)( 𝑥 −1)
( 𝑥 +3)( 𝑥 −1)
 Rational Expression

Example C.
( 𝑥 − 3)
2
𝑥 −9
2
𝑥 −8 𝑥+ 16 ( 𝑥 − 3) ( 𝑥 − 4) ( 𝑥 +3 )
2 ÷ 2
𝑥 +6 𝑥 +9 𝑥 −7 𝑥 +12 ( 𝑥 +3)÷( 𝑥 −3) ¿ ( 𝑥 − 4)
( 𝑥 − 3)
(𝑥 +3)(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 4)
(𝑥 +3)(𝑥 +3)
÷
(𝑥 −3)(𝑥 − 4 ) ( 𝑥 − 3) ( 𝑥 − 4) ( 𝑥 − 3)( 𝑥 −3)
(𝑥 +3)(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 4)
( 𝑥 +3)÷( 𝑥 −3) ¿ ( 𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 +3)
(𝑥 +3)(𝑥 +3)
÷
(𝑥 −3)(𝑥 − 4 ) ( 𝑥 −3 )2
( 𝑥 − 3) ( 𝑥 − 4) ( 𝑥 −3 )2

( 𝑥 − 3) ( 𝑥 − 4) ( 𝑥 +3)÷( 𝑥 −3) ¿
( 𝑥 − 4) ( 𝑥+ 3 )
ANS:
( 𝑥 − 4) ( 𝑥+ 3 )
( 𝑥 +3)÷( 𝑥 −3)
 Rational Exponents
• RATIONAL EXPONENTS AND RADICALS
So far, exponent have been limited to integers. In this section, we will define what rational or fractional exponent mean and
how to work with them. All of the rules of exponents developed up to this point apply. In particular, recall the product rule
for exponent. Given any rational numbers

• LAWS OF EXPONENTS
𝑛 𝑛
x 𝑥
1. PRODUCT RULE ( 𝑥¿ ¿ 𝑚) ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥
𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
¿ 5. POWER RULE FOR ( ) = 𝑛
QOUTIENT
𝑦 𝑦

( 𝑥 ¿¿ 𝑚) −𝑛 1
2. QUOTIENT RULE =𝑥 𝑚− 𝑛
¿ 6. NEGATIVE 𝑥 = 𝑛
(𝑥 )
𝑛 𝑥
EXPONENT

m 𝑛 𝑚𝑛
3. POWER RULE (x ) =𝑥 0
7. ZERO EXPONENT 𝑥 =1
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
4. POWER RULE FOR ( xy ) =𝑥 𝑦
PRODUCT
 Rational Exponents
• EXAMPLES
1
3 5.Rewrite as radical then simplify
1. Rewrite as radical 3. Rewrite as radical then simplify(125 𝑥¿ ¿ 3) ¿
7
a.− √7 c. a.3 𝑥 c.5 𝑥 a.3 𝑥
2
c. − 4 𝑥 2
2
b.10 𝑥 d.1 25 𝑥
b. √7 d. 14 b. 4 𝑥
2
d.−3 𝑥
2

1
4. Rewrite as radical then simplify 5.Rewrite as radical then simplify
2. Rewrite as radical
7 3

7 a.−3 𝑦 c.−2 𝑦 a.125 𝑥

6
c.125 𝑧 2
a.− √7 c.
3
b.3 𝑥 d.− 4 𝑦 b.1 25 𝑦
6
d.1 25 𝑧
6
b. √7 d. √7
3
 Rational Exponents
• EXAMPLES

6. Rewrite as rational exponent

2
a. 𝑥 c. 𝑥 3
2
b. 𝑥 3 d.𝑥

7. Rewrite as rational exponent

1
1
a. 2 c. 𝑦 3
𝑦
2 3
2
b. 𝑦 3 d. 𝑦
Imaginary Number
 Imaginary number is denoted as . In some other areas in mathematical
computation it is denoted as

• Imaginary number and its equivalent

Simplify

𝑖= √ − 1 Solution:
2 5
𝑖 = 𝑖 ) ∗𝑖
(
11
2 𝑖=√ −1
𝑖 =− 1 11
2 𝑖 =− 1 ∗𝑖
𝑖 =− 1
𝑖 =− √ −1=−𝑖
3
11
3
𝑖 =− 𝑖 𝑖 =− 𝑖
4 4
𝑖 =1 𝑖 =1
 Imaginary Numbers
Example B Example C Example D

Simplify Simplify Simplify

Solution: Solution: Solution:

𝑖=√ −1 𝑖
24
=( 𝑖
4
)6 𝑖
999 4249
= (𝑖 )
3
∗𝑖
27
𝑖 +𝑖
44 50 4 6
3 4 11
− 𝑖 =( 𝑖 ) ∗𝑖 + ( 𝑖 ) − ( 𝑖 )
4 12 2
∗𝑖
2 24 6
𝑖 =− 1 𝑖 =1 999
𝑖 = 1(− 𝑖) 27 44 50 6 11
𝑖 +𝑖 − 𝑖 =( 1 ) (−𝑖)+ ( 1 ) − ( 1 ) (−1)
12

3
𝑖 =− 𝑖 𝑖24 =1 𝑖
999
=−𝑖 27 44 50
4 𝑖 +𝑖 − 𝑖 =− 𝑖+1+1
𝑖 =1
27 44 50
𝑖 +𝑖 − 𝑖 =2 − 𝑖
 Polynomial Basic Operation
An expression composed of only one term is monomial, an expression composed of two terms is a binomial, an
expression composed of three terms is a trinomial,

An expression composed of more than one term is a Polynomial, or a Multinomial.

• OPERATIONS OF POLYNOMIAL

1. ADDITION

2. SUBTRACTION

3. MULTIPLICATION

3. DIVISION
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF
POLYNOMIAL
• In addition and subtraction and polynomial, we must remember that we can only add or subtract terms
which are said to be LIKE TERMS. Like terms are terms which have exactly the same variable. For example
2x2 and 5x2, 4a2b and 15a2b.
• In addition of polynomials, simply drop the parenthesis and proceed to adding similar/like terms.
(2x2+4x+3y3+z) + (5x2+2y3+2z)
= 2x2+5x2+3x+3y3+2y3+z+2z drop the parenthesis, add the like terms
=7x2+3x+5y3+3z
• In subtraction of polynomials, change the signs of the subtrahend, then proceed to addition.
(5a2+4b3-2c) – (4a2+2b3-5c)
= (5a2+4b3-2c) + (-4a2-2b3+5c) change the signs of the second polynomial
= 5a2-4a2+4b3-2b3-2c+5c drop the parenthesis and proceed to addition
= a2+2b3+3c
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO
MONOMIALS
• In multiplying two monomials, simply multiply the numerical
coefficients then multiply the variables according to the law of
exponents.
Sample Problem:
(4x2y3)(5x4y2)
= (4 • 5)(x2+4)(y3+2)
= 20x6y5
Multiplication of a monomial and a
polynomial
• When you have to multiply a monomial with a polynomial, you will
have to use the distributive property. Simply multiply the monomial
with each term of the polynomial.
Multiply: 3y2(12y3 -6y2 + 5y - 1)
step 1: Distribute the monomial to each term of the polynomial
= 3y2(12y3) + (3y2)(- 6y2) + (3y2)(5y) + (3y2)(- 1)
Step 2: Proceed with multiplication according to the laws of exponents
= (3)(12)y2+3 + (3)(- 6)y2+2 + (3)(5)y2+1 + (3)(- 1)y2

= 36y5 -18y4 +15y3 -3y2

Multiplication of two Binomial
• In order to multiply the two binomials, the best way to do this is to make
use of FOIL method(First, Outer, Inner, Last).
Multiply (4x – 7xy)(2y + 3x)
First: 4x • 2y = 8xy
Outer: 4x • 3x = 12x2
Inner: −7xy • 2y = −14xy2
Last: −7xy • 3x = −21x2y
Lastly, combine the terms into one expression. Thus, the product will be
8xy + 12x2 – 14xy2 – 21x2y.
Multiplication of a binomial and a
polynomial
• Multiply (9b – ab)(5a2b + 7ab – b)
• First Step: Multiply the term 9b with every term in
the bracket.
= 9b(5a2b + 7ab – b)
= 45a2b2 + 63ab2 – 9b2 Expression 1
• Second Step: Multiply the term -ab with every term in the bracket
= −ab(5a2b + 7ab – b)
= −5a3b2 – 7a2b2 + ab2 Expression 2
• Adding both expressions: 45a2b2 + 63ab2 – 9b2 – 5a3b2 – 7a2b2 + ab2
= 45a2b2 – 7a2b2 + 63ab2 + ab2 – 9b2 – 5a3b2
= 38a2b2 + 64ab2 – 9b2 – 5a3b2
Using the Vertical Method
• Take note that for the previous example, we simply distribute each term of the binomial to each
term of the polynomial. However, we can also use the vertical method, which is somewhat similar
to how we multiply whole numbers.
• Solve (9b – ab)(5a2b + 7ab – b) in vertical format.

Solution
5a2b + 7ab – b
x 9b – ab
_________________________
– 5a3b2 – 7a2b2 + ab2
+ 45a2b2+ 63ab2 – 9b2
_________________________
– 5a3b2 + 38a2b2 + 64ab2– 9b2
DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
Long Division Method
• The long division method can be used to divide a polynomial by
another polynomial. This method involves dividing the highest degree
term of the dividend by the highest degree term of the divisor, and
then multiplying the resulting quotient by the divisor and subtracting
it from the dividend. The process is repeated until a remainder with a
lower degree than the divisor is obtained.
Sample Problem

Step 1: Divide the highest degree term of

the dividend (X3) with the highest degree
term of the divisor(X2).
Step 2: Multiply the quotient (x) with the
divisor.
Step 3: Subtract
Step 4: Bring Down 7
Step 5: Repeat steps until you have bring
down all terms of the dividend.
 .

• Take note that 12x+3 is the remainder, and we must express this
remainder into fraction form, wherein 12x+3 is the numerator and
the divisor (x2+2x+1) is the denominator.
• Thus, the correct answer is x-4+
Linear Equations
A linear equation is a combination of an algebraic expression and an equal to (=) symbol.

Linear equations are also called first-degree equations since the greatest power on the variable
isExample
one.

:• Linear Equation in One Variable

5x + 10 = 13

• Linear Equation in Two Variable

3x + 2y - 8 = 0
• .Linear Equation in Three Variable
x + 6y -5z = 4
Linear Equation in One Variable
A linear equation in one variable can be written in the form ax + b = c
where a, b, and c are real numbers, with a

Solving linear equations

Solving linear equations means finding the value of the variable/s given in
the linear equations which is the so called solution.

A solution of a linear equation in one variable is a real number which, when

substituted for the variable in the equation, makes the
equation true.
Operations yielding equivalent equations
Addition/Subtraction Property of Equations
Adding the same number or expression to both sides or subtracting the same number or expression
to both sides.
• The same number can be added to or subtracted from each side of an equation without changing

the solution of the equation.

Example: Solve the equation x - 2 = 7

Solution:
To check:
x-2=7 Original equation Substitute x = 9

x - 2 +2 = 7+2 Solution is preserved when 2 is x-2=7

added to both sides of the equation. 9-2=7
x=9 9 is the solution.  7=7
 Multiplication/Division Property of Equations
Multiplying or dividing both sides by the same number or expression, provided that this number or expression
is non zero and does not contain an unknown.
• An equation can be multiplied or divided by the same non zero real number without changing the
solution of the equation.

Example: Solve the equation

Solution:
4 𝑥 − 5= x +1 Original equation
4 𝑥 − 𝑥=1+5 Transpose x and -5 to the other side of the equation.
3 𝑥 =6Perform the operation
3 𝑥
3
=
6
3
Divide both side by 3.

x=2 2 is the solution.

Linear equations can have exactly one solution, no solution, or an infinite
number of solutions.
• Conditional Equations
A conditional equation is true only for a certain value of the variable involved.

Example:
Solve the equation x - 5 = 12
Solution: To check:
x - 5 = 12 Substitute x = 17
x -5 + 5 = 12 + 5 x - 5 = 12
x = 17 17 - 5 = 12
 12 = 12
Since 12=12 is true,
he solution is 17.
• Identity Equations
An identity equation has an infinite number of solutions.
Example:
Solve the equation 2x + 2 = 2 ( x + 1 )
Solution:
Original equation
Distributive Property
Subtract 2 to both sides of the equation

Subtract 2x to both sides of the equation

Since 0=0 is always true and this equation is

equivalent to 2x + 2 = 2 ( x + 1 ),
he solution is all real numbers.
• Contradiction Equations
A contradiction equation has no solution or that is false for all values of the variable
Example:
Solve the equation x + 5= x + 23
Solution:
x + 5 = x + 23 Original equation

x + 5 -5 = x + 23 -5 Add -5
x = x + 18
x -x = x + 18 -x Add -x

0 = 18 Since 0=18 is false, and this equation is

equivalent to x + 5= x + 23,
he solution is empty.
 Linear Equation in Two Variable
A linear equation in two unknowns is an equation that can be written in the form ax + by + c = 0
where x and y are the two unknowns, and a, b, and c are constants.

A system of linear equations consists of two or more linear equations made up

of two or more variables such that all equations in the system are considered simultaneously.

Example:

A solution to a system of linear equations is an ordered pair (x,y) that is a solution

to every equation in the system.
Types of Systems of Linear Equations in Two unknowns,
There are different types of systems of linear equations in two unknowns, depending
on how many solutions they have.
Three methods of solving systems of equations:

• Graphing Method

• Substitution Method

• Elimination Method
Graphing Method
One method to find the solution of a system of linear equations is to
graph each equation on a coordinate plane and determine the point of intersection
(if it exists).

Steps in a system of linear equations by graphing:

Step 1. Graph the first equation by setting values of one variable to get the corresponding
value of the other variable.
Step 2. Graph the second equation by setting values of one variable to get the corresponding
value of the other variable using the same rectangular coordinate system.
Step 3. Determine whether the lines intersect, are parallel, or are the same line.
Step 4. Identify the solution to the system.
Step 5. Check the solution in both equations.
Example:
Solve using graphing method ,
Solution:
First, graph 2x – y = 6. Second, graph x + 3y = 10.
y = 2x - 6 3y = 10 – x y=

Set values for x and solve for y, Set values for x and solve for y,
• when x = 0, • when x = 1, • when x = -5,
y = 2x - 6 y= y=
y = 2(0) – 6 y= y=
y= -6 y= y=
• when x= 3, y= 3 y= 5
y = 2x - 6
y = 2(3) – 6
y= 0 • when x = -2,
x y x y
y=
• when x= 6, 0 -6 1 3
y=
y = 2x - 6 y=
3 0 -2 4
y = 2(6) – 6 y= 4
y= 6 6 6 -5 5
Graph:
The lines intersect at (4, 2)
To check:
Substitute x = 4 and y=2
𝒙 +𝟑 First equation, Second equation,
𝒚 =𝟏
𝟎 2x – y = 6 x + 3y = 10
2(4) – 2 =6 4 + 3 (2) =10
8–2=6 4 + 6 = 10
6 = 6 true 10 = 10 true
𝟔
𝒚=
𝒙−

he solution set is (4,2)

𝟐
Substitution Method
Another method that can be used to solve systems of equations is called
the substitution method.
Solve one equation for one of the variables, then substitute the new
form of the equation into the other equation for the solved variable.

Steps in solving a system of linear equations by substitution:

Step 1: Solve one of the equations for one of the variables in terms of the other.
Step 2: Substitute the expression from step 1 into the other.
Step 3: Solve the new equation.
Step 4 : Substitute the value found in step 3 into either equation containing both variables.
Step 5: Check the proposed solution in the original equations.
Example:
Equation 1
Solve using substitution method ,
Equation 2
Solution:
First, we will solve the first equation for y.
x  y   5
y  x  5
Then, substitute the expression x − 5 for y in Equation 2.
2x − 5y = 1
2x  5 x  5  1 substitute
2 x  5 x  25  1 distribute
 3 x  1  25 collect like terms
3 x  24
−3 𝑥 − 24
= divide both sides by -3
−3 − 3

x  8
Now, we substitute x = 8 into Equation 1 and solve for y.
 x  y  5 Eq’n 1
 8   y   5

y  3
Solution is (8, 3).
Check the solution by substituting (8, 3) into both equations.
Eq’n 1 Eq’n 2
x  y   5 2 x  5y  1
 8   3    5 2 8   5 3   1

-5 = -5 True 16 - 15 = 1
1=1 True
he solution set is (8,3)
Elimination Method
Another method that can be used to solve systems of equations is called
the elimination method.
You multiply one or both equations by numbers that will allow you to combine
The two equations and eliminate one of the variables.
Steps in solving a system of linear equations by elimination:

Step 1: Rewrite each equation in standard form, eliminating fraction coefficients.

Step 2: If necessary, multiply one or both equations by a number so that the coefficients
of a chosen variable are opposites.
Step 3: Add/Subtract the equations.
Step 4: Find the value of one variable by solving equation from step 3.
Step 5:Find the value of the second variable by substituting the value found in step 4
into either original equation.
Step 6: Check the proposed solution in the original equations.
 Example:
Equation 1
Solve using elimination method ,
Equation 2
Solution:
Arrange eq. 2 in a standard form,
2 𝑦 − 5 𝑥 +4= −
0 5 𝑥 +2 𝑦 =− 4
Then,
Multiply both sides of the eq. 2 by 2 to eliminate the variable y,
2) 2
− 10 𝑥 +4 𝑦 =− 8 Equation 2.1
Add eq. 1 and eq. 2.1,
𝑥 − 4 𝑦 =− 3
3+¿
− 10 𝑥 +4 𝑦 =− 8
− 7 𝑥 =− 11
−7 𝑥 − 11
=
−7 −7

x=
Substitute x = on eq. 1,
3 𝑥 − 4 𝑦 =− 3
3 ( ) − 4 𝑦 =− 3
11
7
33
− 4 𝑦 =− 3
7
33
+3 = 4 𝑦
7
54
=4 𝑦
7
54
=4 𝑦
7

( )
54
7 4 𝑦
=
4 4

27 he solution set is
=𝑦
14
Worded Problem:
A seed company wishes to use bluegrass seed selling at $1.30 per pound and
clover seed selling at $ 1.80 per pound to make 100 pounds of mixture to sell at $ 1.38
per pound. How much of each kind of seed must be used?

Solution:
No. of lb. Price per lb. = Total price
x 1.30 1.30x
y 1.80 1.80y
100 1.38 138

38
Solution:
Equation 1
38 Equation 2

Using substitution method,

Using equation 1,
𝑥+ 𝑦 =100
Equation 1.1

Use equation 1.1, y = 100-x to equation 2

38
38
38
− 0.5 𝑥 = 1 38 − 180
− 0.5 𝑥 = − 42
−0.5 𝑥 − 4 2
= x = 84
−0.5 − 0.5
Using equation 1.1,

he solution set is
Linear Equation in Three Variable
The solution set to a three-by-three system is an ordered triple (x,y,z)

Steps in Solving a system of linear equations with three unknowns,

Step 1: Pick any pair of equations and solve for one variable.
Step 2: Pick another pair of equations and solve for the same variable.
Step 3: You have created a system of two equations in two unknowns. Solve the resulting two-
by-two system.
Step 4: Back-substitute known variables into any one of the original equations and solve for the
missing variable.
Example: 6 Equation 1
Find a solution to the following system: Equation 2
Equation 3
Solution:
There will always be several choices as to where to begin, but the most obvious first step here is to
eliminate x by adding equations 1 and 2.

Equation 4
The second step is multiplying equation 1 by -2 and adding the result to equation 3. These two steps will
eliminate the variable x.

Multiply by -2

Equation 5
In equations 4 and 5, we have created a new two-by-two system. We can solve for z by adding
the two equations.

Next we back substitute z =2 into equation 4 and solve for y.

𝑦 + 2 𝑧=3
Finally, we can back substitute z=2 and y-=-1 into equation 1.
This will yield the solution for x.
𝑥 − 2 𝑦 + 3 𝑧 =9

he solution set is the ordered triple (1,-

1,2 )
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Quadratic equation is in the form,

Where
a, b, & c = real-number constants
a & b = numerical coefficient or simply coefficients
a = coefficient of x2
b = coefficient of x
c = constant term or simply constant
a cannot be equal to zero while either b or c can be zero
60
EXAMPLES OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
Some quadratic equation may not look like the one above. The general appearance of quadratic equation is a
second degree curve so that the degree power of one variable is twice of another variable. Below are examples of
equations that can be considered as quadratic.

￮ 1.
￮ 2.
￮ 3.
￮ 4.
￮ 5.
￮ 6.

61
ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION
By Factoring:
The equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be factored into the form

Where x1 and x2 are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0.

By Quadratic Formula:
For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,

The quantity b2 - 4ac inside the radical is called discriminant.

• If b2 - 4ac = 0, the roots are real and equal.
• If b2 - 4ac > 0, the roots are real and unequal.
• If b2 - 4ac < 0, the roots are imaginary.

62
ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION
Sums and Product of roots:
If the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are x1 and x2, then

𝑏
Sum of roots 𝑥1 + 𝑥 2=−
𝑎

Product of roots

63
EXAMPLES
1. Solve x in the equation
Solution:

2.Solve for x in the equation

Solution:

64
EXAMPLES
3. What is the value of k so that the equation has two equal roots?
Solution:
Quadratic equations will have equal roots if the Discriminant is zero

will have roots are equal

Substitute the value of a,b and c :

By Quadratic Formula:

65
Therefore the values of k are that will give two equal roots.

4. Find a quadratic equation whose roots are 3 + 5i and 3-5i .

Solution:
By Using sum and product of roots,

Sum of roots :

66
Product of roots :

Substituting to the general equation:

Therefore the required quadratic equation is .

67
 EXAMPLES
5. Determine the equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of the equation 3x2 - 13x - 10 = 0.
Solution:
From the given equation,
3x2 - 13x - 10 = 0
Using Factoring ;
3x2 - 13x - 10 = 0

→ roots of the given equation

Thus, the roots of the required equation are,

68
By Using sum and product of roots,

Sum of roots :

Product of roots :

Substituting to the general equation:

Therefore the required quadratic equation is

69
END OF PRESENTATION

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