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Purification Methods

The document describes several methods for purifying mixtures including filtration, crystallization, simple distillation, and fractional distillation. Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids. Crystallization separates dissolved solids from solutions. Simple distillation separates liquids from soluble solids or pure liquids from mixtures. Fractional distillation separates miscible liquids by boiling point differences.

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15 views

Purification Methods

The document describes several methods for purifying mixtures including filtration, crystallization, simple distillation, and fractional distillation. Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids. Crystallization separates dissolved solids from solutions. Simple distillation separates liquids from soluble solids or pure liquids from mixtures. Fractional distillation separates miscible liquids by boiling point differences.

Uploaded by

amy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Methods

of purification
Unit 2.2.2
To describe & explain the
methods of purification.
Learning Objective
The choice of the method of separation depends on the nature of the substances being separated. All methods rely on
there being a difference of some sort, usually in a physical property such as b.p., between the substances being separated.
Mixtures of solids
•Differences in density, magnetic properties, sublimation and solubility can be used
•For a difference in solubility, a suitable solvent must be chosen to ensure the desired substance only dissolves in it and
not other substances or impurities
Mixtures of liquids
•Immiscible liquids can be separated using
a separating funnel or by decanting (pouring carefully)
•Examples include when an organic product is formed in
aqueous conditions
Filtration
•Used to separate an undissolved solid from a
mixture of the solid and a liquid / solution ( e.g. sand
from a mixture of sand and
water). Centrifugation can also be used for this
mixture
•Filter paper is placed in a filter funnel above
another beaker
•Mixture of insoluble solid and liquid is poured into
the filter funnel
•Filter paper will only allow small liquid particles to
pass through as the filtrate
•Solid particles are too large to pass through the
filter paper so will stay behind as a residue
Crystallisation
•Used to separate a dissolved solid from a solution, when the
solid is much more soluble in hot solvent than in cold (e.g.
copper sulphate from a solution of copper (II) sulphate in water)
•The solution is heated, allowing the solvent to evaporate to
leave a saturated solution behind
•Test if the solution is saturated by dipping a clean, dry, cold
glass rod into the solution. If the solution is saturated, crystals
will form on the glass rod
•The saturated solution is allowed to cool slowly and solids will
come out of the solution as the solubility decreases, and crystals
will grow
•Crystals are collected by filtering the solution
•They are then washed with cold, distilled water to remove
impurities and allowed to dry
Simple Distillation
•Used to separate a liquid and soluble solid from a solution
(e.g. water from a solution of saltwater) or a pure liquid from a
mixture of liquids
•The solution is heated and pure water evaporates producing a
vapour which rises through the neck of the round-bottomed
flask
•The vapour passes through the condenser, where it cools and
condenses, turning into pure liquid H2O which is collected in a
beaker
•After all the water is evaporated from the solution, only the
solid solute will be left behind
Fractional distillation
•Used to separate two or more liquids that are miscible with one
another (e.g. ethanol and water from a mixture of the two)
•The solution is heated to the temperature of the substance with
the lowest boiling point
•This substance will rise and evaporate first, and vapours will
pass through a condenser, where they cool and condense,
turning into a liquid that will be collected in a beaker
•All of the substance is evaporated and collected, leaving
behind the other components(s) of the mixture
•For water and ethanol: ethanol has a boiling point of 78 ºC and
water of 100 ºC. The mixture is heated until it reaches 78 ºC, at
which point the ethanol boils and distils out of the mixture and
condenses into the beaker
•When the temperature starts to increase to 100 ºC heating
should be stopped. Water and ethanol are now separated

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