Industrial Revolution

What was the Industrial

Revolution?
• Industrial Revolution was the transition to
new manufacturing processes from about
1760 to 1870. It brought some radical
changes to the world.

• The Industrial Revolution begins in

Britain, spreads to other countries, and
has a strong impact on economics,
politics, and society.

Rail locomotives began connecting U.S.

cities in the 1840s, enabling transport of
goods between factories, cities, and ports.
Evolution of Industrial
Revolution
Section 1: The Beginnings of Industrialization
The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon
spreads to other countries.
 Industrial Revolution
Begins in Britain
The Agricultural Revolution
Paves the Way

• Enclosures— large farm

fields enclosed by fences or
hedges; wealthy landowners
buy, enclose land once owned
by village farmers
• Enclosures allow experimentation with
new agricultural methods.
 Industrial Revolution
Begins in Britain
Rotating Crops
• Crop rotation— switching crops each year to avoid depleting
the soil
• Livestock breeders allow only the
best to breed, improve food supply.

Why the Industrial Revolution

• Industrialization— move to machine production of
goods
• Britain has natural resources— coal, iron, rivers, harbors
• Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment.
• Britain has all needed factors of production- land, labor
and capital.
 Inventions Spur Industrialization
Changes in the Textile
Industry
• Weavers work faster with flying shuttles,
spinning jennies Flying
shuttle
• Water frame uses water power to drive
spinning wheels

Spinning Jenny
Water frame
 Inventions Spur Industrialization
Power loom, spinning mule
speed up production, improve
quality
• Factories— buildings that
contain machinery for Power loom

manufacturing.
• Cotton gin boosts American
cotton production to meet Spinning mule
British demand.

Cotton gin
 Improvements in Transportation
Watt’s Steam Engine Matthew Boulton
• Need for cheap, convenient power spurs
development of
steam engine
• James Watt improves steam engine, financed by
entrepreneur Matthew Boulton.

Water Transportation
James Watt
• 1807: Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the
Clermont
• England’s water transport improved by system of Robert Fulton
canals
Road Transportation
• British roads are improved; companies operate
them as toll roads.
The Railway Age Begins
Steam-Driven Locomotives
• 1804: Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive
• 1825: George Stephenson builds world’s first railroad line.

The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad

Richard
• Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester
• 1829: Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged Trevithick
as best locomotive.

Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain

• RRs spur industrial growth, create jobs
• Cheaper transportation boosts many
industries; people move to cities

George Stephenson
Section 2: Industrialization (case study, Manchester)
The factory system changes the way people live and work,
introducing a variety of problems.
Industrialization Changes Life
Factory Work
• Factories pay more than farms,
spur demand for more expensive
goods

Industrial Cities Rise

• Urbanization— city-building and
movement of people to cities
• Growing population provides work
force, market for factory goods
• British industrial cities: London,
Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool
 Industrialization Changes Life
Living Conditions
• Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums
• Life span in one large city is only 17 years, while wealthy merchants, factory
owners live in luxurious suburban homes
• Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes, adequate housing,
education, and fire/police protection

Working Conditions
• Average work day 14 hrs./day, 6 days a week (year round)
• Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers; many coal miners killed by coal dust
 Class Tensions Grow
The Middle Class

• Middle class— skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers,

professionals
• Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners, aristocrats
• Middle class has comfortable standard of living
The Working Class
• Laborers’ lives not improved; some laborers replaced by
machines
• Luddites, other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of
work
• Unemployment a serious problem; unemployed workers riot
Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Immediate Benefits
• Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress
• Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve
• Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and Conditions

Long-Term Effects
• Improved living and working conditions still evident today
• Governments use increased tax revenues for urban improvements
 The Mills of Manchester
Manchester and the
Industrial Revolution
• Manchester has labor, water power,
nearby port at Liverpool
• Poor live and work in unhealthy,
even dangerous, environment
• Business owners make profits by
risking their own money on factories
• Eventually, working class sees its
standard of living rise some
 The Mills of Manchester
Children in Manchester
Factories
• Children as young as 6 work in
factories; many injured (1819 Factory
Act restricts working age, hours)
• Pollution fouls air, poisons river
• Nonetheless, Manchester produces
consumer goods and creates wealth
 Section 3: Industrialization Spreads
The industrialization that begins in Great Britain spreads
to other parts of the world.
 Industrial Development in
the United States
Industrialization in the
United States
• U.S. has natural and labor resources needed
to industrialize
• Samuel Slater, English textile
worker, builds textile mill in U.S.
• Lowell, MA a mechanized textile center by
1820; manufacturing towns spring up around
factories
across the country
• Young single women flock to factory
towns, work in textiles
• Clothing, shoemaking industries soon
mechanize.
 Industrial Development
in the United States
Later Expansion of U.S. Industry
• Industrialization picks up during post-Civil War technology
boom
• Cities like Chicago expand rapidly due to location on RR lines
• Small companies merge to form larger, powerful companies

The Rise of Corporations

• Stock— limited ownership rights for company, sold to raise
money
• Corporation— company owned by stockholders, share
profits not debts; large corporations attempt to control as much
business as they can
 Continental Europe Industrializes
Troubles in Continental Europe
• Revolution and Napoleonic wars disrupted early 19th-century Economy

Beginnings in Belgium
• Belgium has iron ore, coal, water transportation
• British workers smuggle in machine plans, start companies (1799)

Germany Industrializes
• Political, economic barriers; but industry, railroads boom by mid-
century

Expansion Elsewhere in Europe

• Bohemia develops spinning; Northern Italy mechanizes silk textiles
• Industrialization in France more measured, with fewer urbanization
problems; agriculture remains strong
 The Impact of Industrialization
Rise of Global Inequality
• Wealth gap grows; non- industrialized
countries lag further
• European powers, U.S., Japan exploit
colonies for resources
• Imperialism spreads due to need for raw
materials, markets

Transformation of Society
• Europe, U.S. gain economic power
• African and Asian economies lag, based
on agriculture, crafts
• Rise of middle class strengthens
democracy, calls for social reform
Section 4: Reforming the Industrial World
The Industrial Revolution leads to economic, social, and
political reforms.
 The Philosophers of
Industrialization
Laissez-faire Economics
• Laissez faire—economic policy
of not interfering with businesses
• Originates with Enlightenment
economic philosophers
• Adam Smith—defender of free markets,
author of
The Wealth of Nations
• Believes economic liberty
guarantees economic progress
• Economic natural laws— self- interest,
competition, supply and demand
 The Philosophers of
Industrialization
The Economists of Capitalism
• Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo boost
laissez-faire capitalism
• Capitalism— system of privately owned Thomas
businesses seeking profits Malthus
• Malthus thinks populations grow faster than
food supply
• Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or
misery and poverty result
• Ricardo envisions a permanent, poor
underclass providing cheap labor David
Ricardo
 The Rise of Socialism
Utilitarianism
• Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism (judge things
by their usefulness)
• John Stuart Mill favors regulation to help workers, spread
wealth
John
Utopian Ideas Stuart Mill
Jeremy
• Robert Owen improves workers’ conditions, rents cheap
Bentham
housing
• 1824: Owen founds utopian community, New Harmony,
IN

Socialism
• Socialism— factors of production owned by,
operated for the people
• Socialists think government control can end
poverty, bring equality Robert Owen
Marxism: Radical Socialism
The Future According to Marx
• Marx believes that capitalism will
eventually destroy itself
• Inequality would cause workers to
revolt, seize factories and mills
• Communism— society where people
own, share the means of production
• Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia,
China, Cuba
• Time has shown that society not
controlled by
economic forces alone
Labor Unions and Reform Laws
Unionization
• Unions— associations formed by laborers to work for change
• Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with employers
• Sometimes they strike— call a work stoppage— to pressure owners
• Skilled workers are first to form unions
• Movement in Britain, U.S. must fight for right to form unions
• Union goals were higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions
 Labor Unions and Reform Laws
Reform Laws
• British, U.S. laws passed to stop worst abuses of
industrialization
• 1842 Mines Act in Britain stops women, children
working underground
• 1847: Workday for women, kids limited to 10 hours in
Britain
• 1904: U.S. ends child labor, sets maximum hours
THANK YOU!
— Sarah Pili Talagtag