EVOLUTION

Charles Darwin
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
 Evolution, or change over time, is the
process by which modern organisms have
descended from ancient organisms.

 A scientific theory is a well-supported

testable explanation of phenomena that
have occurred in the natural world.
How do you think Darwin came
up with his theory?
Voyage of the Beagle
Voyage of Beagle
 Dates: February 12th, 1831
 Captain: Charles Darwin
 Ship: H.M.S. Beagle
 Destination: Voyage around the world.
 Findings: evidence to propose a
revolutionary hypothesis about how life
changes over time
 Patterns of Diversity

 Darwin visited Argentina and Australia which

had similar grassland ecosystems.

 those grasslands were inhabited by very different

animals.

 neither Argentina nor Australia was home to the sorts

of animals that lived in European grasslands.
 Patterns of Diversity

 Darwin posed challenging questions.

 Why were there no rabbits in Australia, despite the
presence of habitats that seemed perfect for them?

 Why were there no kangaroos in England?

 Living Organisms and Fossils

 Darwin collected the preserved remains of

ancient organisms, called fossils.

 Some of those fossils resembled organisms that

were still alive today.
 Living Organisms and Fossils

 Others looked completely unlike any creature he had

ever seen.

 As Darwin studied fossils, new questions arose.

 Why had so many of these species disappeared?

 How were they related to living species?

Fossils
The Galapagos Island
 The smallest, lowest islands were hot,
dry, and nearly barren-Hood Island-sparse
vegetation

 The higher islands had greater rainfall and

a different assortment of plants and
animals-Isabela- Island had rich
vegetation.
The Galapagos Island

 Darwin was fascinated in particular by the

land tortoises and marine iguanas in the
Galápagos.

 Giant tortoises varied in predictable ways

from one island to another.

 The shape of a tortoise's shell could be

used to identify which island a particular
tortoise inhabited.
Animals found in the Galapagos
 Land Tortoises

 Darwin Finches

 Blue-Footed Booby

 Marine Iguanas
Animals
The Journey Home
 Darwin Observed that characteristics
of many plants and animals vary
greatly among the islands

 Hypothesis: Separate species may

have arose from an original ancestor
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s
Thinking
 James Hutton:
 1795 Theory of
Geological change
 Forces change
earth’s surface
shape
 Changes are slow

 Earth much older

than thousands of
years
Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s
Thinking
 Charles Lyell
 Book: Principles of Geography
 Geographical features can be built up or
torn down
 Darwin thought if earth changed over time,
what about life?
Lamarck
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
 Tendency toward Perfection(Giraffe
necks)

 Use and Disuse (bird’s using

forearms)

 Inheritance of Acquired Traits

Population Growth
 Thomas Malthus-
19th century English
economist
 If population grew
(more Babies born
than die)
 Insufficient living

space
 Food runs out

 Darwin applied this

theory to animals
Publication of Orgin of Species
 Russel Wallace wrote
an essay summarizing
evolutionary change
from his field work in
Malaysia

 Gave Darwin the drive

to publish his findings
Natural Selection & Artificial
Selection
 Natural variation--differences among
individuals of a species

 Artificial selection- nature provides the

variation among different organisms, and
humans select those variations they find
useful.
Evolution by Natural Selection
 The Struggle for Existence-members of
each species have to compete for food,
shelter, other life necessities

 Survival of the Fittest-Some individuals

better suited for the environment
Overpopulation
 Organisms produce
large number of
offspring
Natural Selection – Populations Show
Variation
 Which individuals will survive is
often not a matter of luck.
 Populations show variation –
individuals are not identical.
 They differ in many different traits.
Adaptation (2)

 When an environment changes, or

when individuals move to a new
environment, natural selection may
result in adaptation to the new
conditions.
 Sometimes this results in a new

species.
Natural Selection – Competition

 If there are not enough resources for

all of the individuals, there will be
competition for those resources.
 Survivors represent a small part of

the individuals produced each

generation.
Natural Selection
 Over time, natural
selection results in
changes in inherited
characteristics of a
population. These
changes increase a
species fitness in its
environment
Descent
 Descent with Modification-Each living organism has
descended, with changes from other species over time
 Common Descent- were derived from common ancestors
Evidence of Evolution
 The Fossil Record

 Geographic Distribution of Living Things

 Homologous Body Structures

 Similarities in Early Development

 Evidence
Evidence of
common
ancestry
among species
comes from
many sources.
36
 #1 Fossil Evidence
 Fossils
o Earth is Millions of years
old!
o Fossils in older layers are
more primitive than those
in the upper layers.
o Extinct Fossils resemble
modern animals.
o This shows a common
ancestry.
37
Types of Fossils
 Permineralization
occurs when minerals
carried by water are
deposited around a
hard structure
 A natural cast forms
when flowing water
removes all of the
original tissue, leaving
an impression.
38
Types of Fossils
 Amber-preserved fossils are
organisms that become trapped in
tree resin that hardens after the
tree is buried.
 Fossilized insects

39
 Types of Fossils
 Impressions are imprints left in
rock
 Preserved remains form when an
entire organism becomes encased in
material such as ice, ash, tar …

40
Dating Fossils

41
 Relative Dating of Fossils
 Estimates the time
during which an
organism lived
 It compares the
placement
of fossils in layers of
rock
 Scientists infer the
order in which species
existed 42
Radiometric Dating of Fossils
 Measures the half-life of the isotope
– the time it takes for ½ of the
isotope to break down
 Carbon-12 stable; Carbon-14
radioactive (carbon in ALL organisms)
 Example:
 Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730

years; decays into Carbon-12

 Compare ratio of C-14 to C-12 to

age fossil 43
#2 Geographical Distribution
 Geography & environment gives
evidence for evolution
 Island species most closely resemble
nearest mainland species
 Populations can show variation from
one island to another

44
 #3 Embryology
Vertebrates
all share gill
slits and a
tail in their
early
embryo
stage;
Share a
common
ancestor
45
#4 Comparative Anatomy
 The study of anatomy provides
evidence of evolution
 Homologous structures are
similar in structure but
different in function.
 Homologous structures ARE
EVIDENCE of a common
ancestor.
46
Homologous Structures
ARM LEG Flipper Wing

47
Structural patterns are clues
to the history of a species.
 Vestigial structures are remnants of
organs or structures that had a
function in an early ancestor.
 Examples include ostrich wings, human
appendix, and wisdom teeth, whale
and snake pelvis/hind legs

48
Structural patterns are clues
to the history of a species.
 Vestigial structures are remnants of
organs or structures that had a
function in an early ancestor.
 Examples include ostrich wings, human
appendix, and wisdom teeth, whale
and snake pelvis/hind legs

49
#5 Molecular and Genetic
Evidence
 AKA Biochemical
Evidence
 Two closely-related
organisms will have
similar DNA, RNA, and
protein (amino acid)
sequences.
 This also gives
evidence of a common
ancestor. 50
51
Evidence of Evolution
 The Fossil Record
 Geographic
Distribution of
Living Things-similar
environments have
similar types of
organisms
 Homologous Body
Structures
 Similarities in Early
Development
Homologous Structures
 Homologous Structures-structures that
have different mature forms in different
organisms, but develop from the same
embryonic tissue
Evidence for Evolution
55
Evidence for Evolution
 Vestigial organs-organs that serve
no useful function in an organism
 i.e.) appendix, miniature legs, arms
Similarities in Early
Development
Summary of Darwin’s Theory
 Individuals in nature differ from one
another

 Organisms in nature produce more

offspring than can survive, and many of
those who do not survive do not reproduce.
Summary of Darwin’s Theory
 Because more organisms are produce than
can survive, each species must struggle for
resources

 Each organism is unique, each has

advantages and disadvantages in the
struggle for existence
Summary (cont.)
 Individuals best suited for the environment
survive and reproduce most successful

 Species change over time

Summary (cont.)

 Species alive today descended with modification

from species that lived in the past

 All organisms on earth are united into a single

family tree of life by common descent