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B F-Skinner

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13 views29 pages

B F-Skinner

Uploaded by

lherlyann.erni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Good Afternoon!

B.F. Skinner`s Operant


Conditioning and
Reinforcement
GROUP 2
ELPOS M., ERNI, FERNANDEZ, SABATER, VICEDO
Who is B.F Skinner ?
hmm..
familiar?
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
 American psychologist B.F.
Skinner is best known for
developing the theory of
behaviorism
 He is regarded as the
proponent of Operant
Conditioning.
What is Operant Conditioning
 This type of conditioning stresses the use of pleasant and
unpleasant consequences to control the occurrence of
behavior.
 Learners are inclined to behave and are motivated when
their output are properly acknowledged and rewarded.
 In operant conditioning, we often hear and use the words
reinforcer and reinforcement. In Skinnerian terms, a
reinforcer is a stimulus, whereas reinforcement is the effect
of this stimulus.
Types of Reinforcer
1. Primary Reinforcer
A stimulus that is related to both biological and physiological
needs such as food, clothing, shelter, warmth, human touch, etc.

Example: A child is excited to go to school on the first day of


class because of his or her new pair of shoes, uniform, bag,
opportunity to meet new friends and teachers, etc., but
unmindful of his or her new lessons.
2. Secondary Reinforcer
A stimulus that reinforces a behavior after being
previously associated with a primary reinforcer.
It includes money, grades in schools, tokens, etc.
Example: A child learns to value money because
he or she needs it to buy food, clothing, or any
other basic needs.
3. Positive Reinforcer
A stimulus is added to a situation or event to
strengthen a behavior.

Example: Increasing the hours of watching movies


because the learner achieved a perfect score in an
examination
4. Negative Reinforcer
A stimulus is withdrawn to a situation or event to
strengthen a behavior.

Example: Taking away a learner's favorite toy


when the learner misbehaves
Schedules of Reinforcement
1. Fixed Ratio (FR)

This reinforcement is dispensed following a


constant number of desired behaviors.
Example: The learner is given praise or reward
for every correct answer or desirable behavior
displayed.
2. Fixed Interval (FI)
This reinforcement is dispensed following a constant
amount of desired time.

Example: The talkative learner will be given praise or


reward only if he or she will remain quiet for 10
minutes. Following the token, no additional
reinforcement will be given until another 10 minutes
passed.
3. Variable Ratio (VR).
This reinforcement is dispensed following a varying amount
of trials.

Example: In joining a math competition, a learner will not


know when he or she will win even after several trials of
competing.
4.Variable Interval (VI).
This reinforcement is dispensed following a varying amount
of time.

Example: A learner who is fishing in a pond will have to wait


for a few minutes or hours before he or she can catch a fish.
Types of Reinforcement
B.F. Skinner, B.F. Skinner,
operant conditioning,
positive reinforcement,
negative reinforcement,
punishment, reinforcement.
TRES MARITES
B.F. Skinner, B.F. Skinner,
operant conditioning,
positive reinforcement,
negative reinforcement,
punishment, reinforcement.
Principles of Learning in Operant
😭
Conditioning
Principle of Contracts
The relevant behavior is identified, then the teacher and the learner decide
on the terms of the contract.

Examples
A learner is misbehaving in class.
 The teacher and learner devise a behavioral contract to minimize
distractions. Provisions include that the learner will be punctual, will
sit in front of the class, will raise a hand when he or she has questions
or comments, and will not leave his or her seat without permission.
Principle of Consequences
Consequences happen after the "target" behavior
occurs. It could be:

 positive or negative;  material or symbolic (a failing grade);

 expected or unexpected;  emotional/interpersonal; and

 immediate or long-term;  unconscious.

 extrinsic or intrinsic;
 Smiling at the learner after a correct response.

 Giving commendation to learners for their accomplishments.

 Selecting learners for a special task.

 Praising the learners' ability to their parents


Principle of Reinforcement
Negative reinforcement increases the probability of a
response that removes or prevents an adverse condition.
Examples:
 Obtaining a score of 80% or higher makes the final exam
optional.
 Submitting all assignments on time results in the lowest
grade being dropped.
Principle of Extinction.
Punishment involves presenting a strong stimulus that
decreases the frequency of a particular response. Punishment
is effective in quickly eliminating undesirable behaviors.
 Learners involved in fighting are immediately referred to
the principal,
 Late assignments are given a grade of "0"
 Three records of tardiness in attending class results to
dialogue with parents.
 Failure to do homework results in after-school detention
(the privilege of going home is removed).
Premack Principle or "Grandma Rule."
Less derived activities can be increased by looking at them to
do more desired activities.
Examples:
 Learners can go home only after accomplishing the given
task or tasks for the day.
 Stress to the learners that there is time for play, study, and
sleep.
Thank you !

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