An introduction to

Coordinate Geometry and line

 ILOs
• After completion of this section, the students should be able to,

 identify the basis of coordinate geometry

 find the gradient of the parallel line, perpendicular line
 apply the knowledge on coordinate geometry and line on real
world applications .
 Coordinate Geometry

Coordinate
To define a particular point uniquely, we can use
coordinates
Hint: Have you seen the use of GPS coordinates ??? In google maps ? Why ???
It shows exact place where are you
but, you will learn here the geometrical coordinates not GPS
 Coordinate

Two systems can be identified

1) Cartesian coordinate system

2) Polar coordinate system

 Cartesian coordinate system
• Use two axis X’OX and Y’OY which are perpendicular to each other
• This is called OXY Cartesian coordinate system
• The point where two axis intersect is called as origin

Y (Vertical axis)
Quadrat Quadrat I
II ++
-+ X axis – Abscissa
X (Horizontal axis) Y axis - Ordinate
Quadrat Quadrat
III IV
-- +-
How to write the Coordinate of a point

(3, 5) Y Coordinate

X Coordinate
1) Cartesian coordinate system
Use distance of two axis

(3, 5)

X
2) Polar coordinate

Use length and angle make with one axis

3, 300

(3, 300 )

300
X
Distance between two points
 Distance between two points
Y
6 P(

3 R(
Q(
X
2 6

 is a right-angled triangle,
 we can use Pythagoras Theorem
Distance between two point P and Q
Eg: Find the distance between two point

Y
=5
P (7, 8)

Q (3, 5)

X
Eg:
Find the distance between two points
 Middle point
 Middle point between two points
P(
R

𝑋1 + 𝑋 2 𝑌 1 + 𝑌 2
,
2 2
Q
(

Where PR=QR
 (
Eg:
(3, 2.5)

(2 , 2)

 Coordinate of middle point

In general P(
n
R
m
Q
(

Point

Remember
this
 Q
(
Eg: R
2

1
P

(2 , 2)
Straight line
 Straight line
 Can be define as minimum distance between two
points or line which has the same slope at every point
of the line

 Graph of liner function / line

Minimum requirement to draw a straight line
between two distinguish points
Straight line
 Properties of straight line
1) Angle mark with X axis (slope)
2) Cutting height or length from origin
(intercept)
 y

Slope/ Gradient

y intercept
x

x intercept origin
 Slope/ gradient (m)
 Amount of change in Y with one unit
change in X
y

( 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 2)
𝑦2− 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥 2 − 𝑥1
( 𝑥1, 𝑦1)

x
 Y intercept (C)

 Distance from origin to cutting point of Y axis

 Gradient (slope) and intercept may be zero, positive or
negative value.
 Equation of a straight line (general form)

General form

𝑎 x − y +𝑏=0 Standard form

Standard form is used in most of the text books and higher level publications to show the line
 1. Parallel to X axis
y

c
x 𝑦 =𝑐

2. Parallel to Y axis
y

𝑥=𝑎
x
a
3) Passes through origin (No intercept)

y
𝑦 =𝑚𝑥

x
4) Slope – intercept form
𝑦 =𝑚𝑥 +𝑐

Eg:
m

c
x
In an equation of a straight line

 Power of all variable is one

 No cross product Eg: etc. Remembe
r
 Eg: Find the equation of the line pass through point P
(2, 3) and Q (5, 9)

when you find the slope,

Q Substitute values of a given point( any point) to the general
(
equation to find intercept

(2 , 3)

then you can write finally,

 5) Point – slope form

( 𝑥1, 𝑦1)

x
 y (𝑥 , 𝑦 )

( 𝑥1, 𝑦1)

x
Eg: Find the equation of the line that pass through the point P (3, 6) and
has slope of 2

Q
(
𝑚=2

(3 ,6)
Eg: Slope = 3 , Point = 4, 6 Find the equation

Q
(

( 4 , 6)
 Two lines
1) Parallel line Remember

Parallel lines have equal slope

y 𝑦 =3 𝑥 +4

𝑦 =3 𝑥 +𝑐

𝑦 =3 𝑥 +𝑐
x
Eg: Find the equation of the line passing through the point (2, 3)
and parallel to

Slope of new line = -2 ( since parallel , slopes are equal)

New line:
Substitute coordinates of the given point

New line is
Eg: Find the equation of line parallel to
and passes through (1, 2)
At first, arrange the equation of given line to its general format. At second, use its slope
as the slope of new line, At third, substitute the values of the given point.
2) Perpendicular line

𝑚2
𝑚1
x

Remember this
Eg1: Find the equation of the line passing through (-2, 3) and perpendicular to line
At first, arrange the equation of given line to its general format. At second, use its slope to find slope of new
line, At third, substitute the values of the given point to find intercept.
Slope of given line therefore,

Slope of perpendicular line

Intercept of line

Thus the equation of the perpendicular line pass through the point (-2, 3) is
Eg2 : Find the line perpendicular to and pass through the points (1, 2)

Slope of given line = 2

Slope of perpendicular line =
Then substitute the coordinates of given point and find the intercept
 3) Point of intersection of two lines
Intersection point is common to both lines Remember

Eg: if these two lines intersect ,

At intersecting point, we can write them as below;

Y

X
Thank you