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Applets: CS 3331 Fall 2009

This document provides an overview of Java applets, including: - Applets are Java programs that can be embedded in HTML and run automatically in web browsers. They have limited access to system resources for security. - The lifecycle of an applet includes init(), start(), stop(), and destroy() methods. - An example digital clock applet is presented that uses a Timer to trigger repaints and displays the current time using Graphics methods.

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Carolina Alejandra Martínez Bórquez
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46 views

Applets: CS 3331 Fall 2009

This document provides an overview of Java applets, including: - Applets are Java programs that can be embedded in HTML and run automatically in web browsers. They have limited access to system resources for security. - The lifecycle of an applet includes init(), start(), stop(), and destroy() methods. - An example digital clock applet is presented that uses a Timer to trigger repaints and displays the current time using Graphics methods.

Uploaded by

Carolina Alejandra Martínez Bórquez
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applets

CS 3331 Fall 2009

Outline

Basics of applets First applet HelloWorldApplet.java More on applets Animation applet digital clock

What Are Applets?

An applet is a special Java program that can be embedded in HTML documents. It is automatically executed by (appletenabled) web browsers. In Java, non-applet programs are called applications.

Application vs. Applet

Application

Trusted (i.e., has full access to system resources) Invoked by Java Virtual Machine (JVM, java), e.g., java HelloWorld Should contain a main method, i.e., public static void main(String[]) Not trusted (i.e., has limited access to system resource to prevent security breaches) Invoked automatically by the web browser Should be a subclass of class java.applet.Applet

Applet

Examples

HelloWorld.java
public class HelloWord { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(Hello, World!); } }

HelloWorldApplet.java

First Java Applet

Java source in HelloWorldApplet.java


import java.awt.*; import java.applet.Applet; public class HelloWorldApplet extends Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) { Dimension d = getSize(); g.setColor(Color.BLACK); g.fillRect(0, 0, d.width, d.height); // paint background g.setFont(new Font("San-serif", Font.BOLD, 24)); g.setColor(new Color(255, 215,0)); g.drawString("Hello, world!", 60, 40); g.drawImage(getImage(getCodeBase(), Rabbit.jpg"), 20, 60, this); } }
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Graphics Coordinate
(0,0)
x

height

y width

Embedding Applet into HTML

HTML source in HelloWorld.html


<!--HelloWorld.html--> <html> <head> <title>HelloWord</title> </head> <body> <center> <applet code="HelloWorldApplet.class" width=300 height=350></applet> </center> <hr/> <a href="HelloWorldApplet.java">The source.</a> </body> </html>
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Compiling and Running

To compile javac HelloWorldApplet.java Produces HelloWorldApplet.class To run


Open page HelloWorld.htmlfrom web browser or Use appletviewer of JDK appletviewer HelloWorld.html

Elements of Applets

Superclass: java.applet.Applet No main method paint method to paint the picture Applet tag: <applet> </applet>

code width and height

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Outline

Basics of applets First applet HelloWorldApplet.java More on applets Animation applet digital clock

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Framework-Based Programming

(OO) Frameworks

Semi-complete applications. Provide the structure (backbone) and utilities for applications. Often domain specific. Inversion of control. Examples: applets, GUI frameworks, etc.

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The Class Applet

j av a.awt.Panel

j av a.applet.Applet destro y() ini t() start() stop()

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The Life-Cycle of Applet

init()

Called exactly once in an applets life. Called when applet is first loaded, which is after object creation, e.g., when the browser visits the web page for the first time. Used to read applet parameters, start downloading any other images or media files, etc.

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Applet Life-Cycle (Cont.)

start()

Called at least once. Called when an applet is started or restarted, i.e., whenever the browser visits the web page. Called at least once. Called when the browser leaves the web page.

stop()

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Applet Life-Cycle (Cont.)

destroy()

Called exactly once. Called when the browser unloads the applet. Used to perform any final clean-up.
init

start

stop

destroy

start

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Outline

Basics of applets First applet HelloWorldApplet.java More on applets Animation applet digital clock

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Animation Applet --- Digital Clock


import import import import java.awt.*; java.awt.event.*; javax.swing.*; java.util.Calendar;

public class DigitalClock extends java.applet.Applet { <Fields> <Methods>

An applet must be a subclass of java.applet.Applet.

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Program Structure
java.applet.Applet

DigitalClock + start(): void + stop(): void + paint(g: Graphics) : void

javax.swing.Timer

<<use>>

java.util.Calendar

<<use>>

<<use>>

java.awt

java.awt.event

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Methods for Digital Clock

public void start(){...} invoked when entering the web page that contains the applet public void stop(){...} invoked when leaving the web page that contains the applet public void paint(Graphics g){...} paint the picture

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Field Declarations

protected Timer timer; protected Font font = new Font("Monospaced", Font.BOLD, 48); protected Color color = Color.GREEN;

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Object Initialization
public DigitalClock() { timer = new Timer(1000, createTimerTickHandler()); } protected ActionListener createTimerTickHandler() { return new ActionListener() { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { repaint(); } }; }

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The start() and stop() Methods


public void start() { timer.start(); }

public void stop() { timer.stop(); }

Start and stop the timer Stopped timer will not consume CPU time.

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The paint() Method


public void paint(Graphics g) { Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance(); int hour = calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY); int minute = calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE); int second = calendar.get(Calendar.SECOND); g.setFont(font); g.setColor(color); g.drawString(hour / 10 + hour % 10 + ":" + minute / 10 + minute % 10 + ":" + second / 10 + second % 10, 10, 60); }

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Who Calls the paint()method?


Timer ticks and calls ActionListener.actionPerformed() ActionListener.actionPerformed() calls DigitalClock.repaint() DigitalClock.repaint() calls DigitalClock.paint() The paint() method is usually not called directly.

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Drawing Strings
g.drawString("A sample string", x, y)

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HTML Source
<!-- DigitalClock.html --> <html> <head> <title>Digital Clock Applet</title> </head> <body bgcolor=black> <h1>The Digital Clock Applet</h1><p> <applet code=DigitalClock.class width=250 height=80> </applet> <p><hr> <a href=DigitalClock.java>The source</a> </body> </html>

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The java.awt.Color Class


Instances of the Color class represent colors.
new Color(r, g, b)

where r, g, b are the values of the red, green, and blue components, respectively. They are in the in the range of 0 to 255.
Predefined constants BLACK ORANGE YELLOW BLUE GREEN PINK CYAN LIGHTGRAY RED ARKGRAY MAGENTA WHITE
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The java.awt.Font Class

Fonts are specified with three attributes:

font name: Serif Sans-serif Monospaced Dialog DialogInput TimesRoman Helvetica Courier font style: PLAIN BOLD ITALIC Styles can be combined: Font.BOLD|Font.ITALIC

font size: a positive integer

A font can be created as follows:


new Font(name, style, size)

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Exercise

Write an applet class named CuckooDigitalClock that behaves like DigitalClock except that it cuckoos at every hour by playing an audio file cuckoo.au. Hints

To play an audio file, use play(getCodeBase(), cuckoo.au). To get the current time, use the class java.util.Calendar, e.g.,
Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance(); int hour = calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY); int minute = calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE);

int second = calendar.get(Calendar.SECOND);

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