IoT levels

IoT Level-1
• IoT system has a single node/device that performs sensing and/or actuation, stores
data, performs analysis and hosts the application.
• . Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for modelling low- cost and low-complexity
solutions where the data involved is not big and the analysis requirements are
not computationally intensive.
IoT – Level 1 Example : Home Automation
System
IoT Level-2
•A level-2 IoT system has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation
and local analysis.
•Data is stored in the cloud and the application is usually cloud-based.
•Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big;
however, the primary analysis requirement is not computationally intensive and
can be done locally.
IoT – Level 2 Example: Smart Irrigation
IoT Level-3
• A level-3 IoT system has a single node.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and the application is
cloud- based.
• Level-3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved
is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.
IoT – Level 3 Example: Tracking Package Handling

Sensors used
Accelrometer Gyroscope
sense movement or vibrations Gives orientation info
IoT Level-4
•A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis.
Data is stored in the cloud and the application is cloud-based.
•Level-4 contains local and cloud- based observer nodes which can
subscribe and receive information collected in the cloud from IoT
devices.
• Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes
are required, the data involved is big and the analysis requirements
are computationally intensive.
IoT Level-4
IoT – Level 4 Example: Noise Monitoring
• Sound Sensors are used
IoT Level-5
• A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one
coordinator node.
• The end nodes perform sensing and/or actuation.
• The coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends it
to the cloud.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and the application is
cloud- based.
• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for solutions based on wireless
sensor networks, in which the data involved is big and the analysis
requirements are computationally intensive.
IoT Level-5
IoT – Level 5 Example: Forest Fire Detection
•Detect forest fire in early stages to take action while the fire is still
controllable.
•Sensors measure the temperature, smoke, weather, slope of the earth,
wind speed, speed of fire spread, and flame length.
IoT Challenges
• 1. Security/personal safety:
 Since several devices are used in IoT, user data becomes more vulnerable to theft.
 Poor security features can let attackers damage the whole network.
 People’s safety is a concern and challenge. The implants and wearables used by people should
be safe and not cause any physical damage to the user.
 Since many devices are in the loop, one device if gets attacked, the rest of the devices could
also become vulnerable.

DATA PERSONNEL
SECURITY SAFETY
IoT Challenges
• 2. Privacy:
 One could be tracked / monitored by anyone, as we are connected 24x7 to the internet.
 At times, one could be tracked without the host’s permission in place.
 So, there is a threat on user data and raises a question on user privacy.
IoT Challenges
• 3. Data extraction with consistency from complex environments:
 It is a huge challenge how to sense information (i.e. measure the data) from the complex
environments.
 For example, to sense the data (temperature/humidity etc) of medicines during commute from a
transport vehicle.
 Also providing internet 24x7 in hilly regions is a challenging task.
• 4. Connectivity:
 The internet is a giant collection of networks and devices and IoT is a part of it.
 The requirement of wired or wireless connectivity is a necessity with a frequency spectrum of
2.4GHz band.
IoT Challenges
• 5. Power requirements:
 All the IoT devices need power and most of them are battery operated.
 Even though we have long-lasting batteries that are economical, power demand is on the rise.
 Hence, the usage of green power sources like solar/wind should be motivated.
IoT Challenges
• 6. Complexity involved:
 IoT needs a lot of different domains to integrate into a cohesive system.
 There is limited expertise in the market, but the growth is very rapid.
 The toolkits, software, and hardware not abundant, and real skill is required to build an
application.
• 7. Storage:
 Cloud is becoming mandatory for the data to be stored and analyzed. The challenge
concerning the cloud are,
 which cloud to use (private, public, or hybrid).
 how to identify the service provider?
 How much does it cost?
 do we need a cloud?
IoT and M2M
• Machine to Machine (M2M) :
• It is a concept where two or more two machines communicate with each other without human
interaction using a wired or wireless mechanism.
• M2M is a technology that helps devices to connect between devices without using the internet.
• M2M communications offer several applications such as security, tracking and tracing,
manufacturing, and facility management.
• M2M is also named Machine Type Communication (MTC) in 3GPP ( 3rd Generation Partnership
Project).
• M2M is communication carried over mobile networks, for ex- GSM-GPRS, and CDMA EVDO
Networks.
• M2M is a subset of IoT.
Differences between IoT and M2M
Basis of IoT M2M
The connection is via Network
Connection type used and using various communication The connection is a point to point
types.

Internet Internet connection is required Devices are not dependent on

for communication the Internet.

It supports point-to-point
Type of Communication It supports cloud communication
communication.

Internet protocols are used such Traditional protocols and

Communication protocol used communication technology
as HTTP, FTP, and Telnet.
techniques are used

Components Devices/sensors, connectivity, Device, area networks, gateway,

data processing, user interface Application server.

Smart wearables, Big Data and Sensors, Data and Information,

Examples
Cloud, etc. etc.
IoT and WSN
Wireless sensor network (WSN)
• It is a collection of autonomous devices that create an ad hoc
network together with information from the physical environment.
• It consists of a cluster of sensor networks, field area networks
(FANs), mesh networks, narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), and Body area
networks (BANs).
• These gadgets are low-powered and send data via specific
communication protocols.
• IoT systems are implemented to collect and analyze data from
each of these autonomously linked devices.
• WSNs can be used in various healthcare, military, agriculture,
manufacturing, and retail sectors.
Differences between IoT and WSN
Basis IoT Wireless Sensor Network
Architecture IOT has a gateway that can connect to WSN consists of a network of only
internetworks (having routers, switches, sensors.
APs, etc.).

Devices IOT runs IPv6 in the sensor network WSN runs IPv4 and features a sink
(802.15.4 MAC/PHY) and IPv4 on the (not a gateway)
internetwork portion.

Protocols Routing protocols in NetSim IoT include Routing protocols in NetSim WSN
AODV and RPL. include DSR, AODV, OLSR, and ZRP.

Mobility IoT is more dynamic, with devices and WSNs are often static, with sensors
things being moved around and being put in a specific location and
connected to multiple networks. remaining in that location.

Purpose IoT can be used for a number of Data collection and monitoring are
purposes, such as data gathering, involved in WSN.
monitoring, control, and communication.
 IoT and Cyber Physical System
• A Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is a type of system that integrates physical and
computational components to monitor and control the physical processes seamlessly.

• In other words, A cyber-physical system consists of a collection of computing

devices communicating with one another and interacting with the physical world via
sensors and actuators in a feedback loop.

• These systems combine the sensing, actuation, computation, and communication

capabilities, and leverage these to improve the overall performance, safety, and
reliability of the physical systems.
• Examples: CPS includes self-driving cars, The STARMAC is a small quadrotor
aircraft.
 Differences between IoT and CPS
CPS IoT

CPS systems are more complex compared then IoT

IoT systems are relatively simple.
devices.

IoT is a network of physical devices that are

CPS is a system that integrates physical components
connected to the internet and can
and computer systems, creating a network of
communicate with each other without
interconnected devices.
human intervention

CPS systems typically involve a combination of sensors, IoT devices are typically standalone devices
actuators, and computer systems that work together to that can communicate with other devices or
perform a specific task. systems over the internet.

IoT is used in applications such as home

CPS is used in applications such as manufacturing, automation, wearable technology, and smart
transportation, healthcare, and smart cities to agriculture to provide users with real-time
automate processes and improve efficiency. information and control over their
environment.