TEXT TYPES IN

TRANSLATION
by group 1 :
Hanayanti
Popi N. Basalamah
table of
contents :
• Standard of textuality
• Markedness
• Text-Based Information
• Reader-Supplied
information
Standard of textuality

- Basil & Hatim (2004) define that Standards of textuality refer to the criteria or
characteristics that define a well-formed text, whether in its original language or in
translation. According to textual pragmatics, equivalence in translation is understood in
relative and hierarchical terms, with a translated text seen as a valid representative of
communicative acts. However, this notion encompasses a range of translation
phenomena, from literal replicas to free paraphrases. Text linguistics rejects the form-
meaning split and emphasizes the role of context, which is viewed as a strategic
configuration where meaning coincides intentionally with usage and situational factors.
These standards include cohesion, which involves transparent relations among words,
phrases, and sentences, and coherence, which ensures discernible connections between
meanings. Situationality relates utterances to specific situations, with situational
appropriateness regulated by informativity—the balance between expected and
unexpected elements. The communicative transaction is driven by the intentionality of the
text producer and matched by acceptability on the part of the text receiver. Intertextuality
ensures meaningful connections between texts or parts of texts. Overall, adherence to
these standards ensures that texts fulfill their intended purposes and function effectively in
communication.
Standard of textuality

Key aspects of textuality in translation include:

 Cohesion: The text should have a clear and transparent structure, with
words, phrases, and sentences related in a logical and meaningful way.
 Coherence: The text should maintain a consistent and relevant flow of ideas,
ensuring that the meanings are related discernibly.
 Situationality: The text should be appropriate to the context in which it is
used, including the purpose, function, and cultural context.
 Informativity: The text should exhibit varying degrees of dynamism, with
some parts being expected or unexpected, depending on the level of
uncertainty or interestingness.
 Intentionality: The text should be purposeful, with the intentionality of the text
producer matched by acceptability on the part of the target audience.
 Intertextuality: The text should link up in meaningful ways with other texts,
reflecting the interconnectedness of language and culture.
Standard of textuality
Standard of textuality

 The repetition of "woke" and "woke up" throughout the text is interesting
because it creates cohesion by linking related ideas and actions. It establishes
a recurring pattern that emphasizes the habitual nature of the character's
behavior, highlighting the significance of this particular moment in the narrative.

 This repetition helps sustain the narrative by reinforcing the theme of habit and
routine. By repeatedly mentioning the character's waking at midnight without
the need for an alarm clock, the text establishes a sense of familiarity and
expectation, contributing to the overall coherence of the story.

 The repetition is intended to emphasize the character's ingrained habit of

waking at midnight, which is tied to her marital duties. It serves to underscore
the character's adherence to societal norms and expectations regarding her
role as a wife.
Standard of textuality

 The function of this repetition may be appreciated by the average reader, as it

effectively conveys the character's routine and the significance of this moment
in her daily life.

 The repetition of "woke" and "woke up" is normal and expected within the
context of the narrative, as it reflects the character's established habit.
However, it also adds a dynamic element by drawing attention to the
character's inner thoughts and feelings as she wakes at this particular hour.

 The repetition underscores the aspect of social life related to gender roles and
marital expectations. It highlights the character's duty as a wife to await her
husband's return from his evening's entertainment, reflecting societal norms
and customs regarding marital relationships.
Markedness

Basil & Hatim (2004) explain the concept of markedness, also known as textual
salience or dynamism, plays a significant role in understanding the relationship
between language form and meaning. Marked options, which deviate from the
expected or unmarked form, often present challenges in translation, particularly
when they involve deliberate non-habitual or non-ordinary language use. While
theoretical thinking in Translation Studies suggests that contextually motivated
marked elements should be preserved in translation, practical experience often
reveals discrepancies between theory and practice. Negotiating the translation of
marked elements requires careful consideration of their contextual significance
and communicative impact, highlighting the complex interplay between linguistic
form, textual meaning, and translational fidelity.
Markedness
Markedness

From the example show two different translation approaches: dynamic equivalence and
formal equivalence. Version 1 represents dynamic equivalence, where the translator
prioritizes conveying the overall meaning and effect of the source text, often by adapting the
language to the target culture. In contrast, Version 2 adopts formal equivalence, aiming to
reproduce the form and structure of the source text as closely as possible, even if it results in
a more literal translation.
while preserving non-ordinary language forms can be effective in conveying subtleties of
meaning, such as the speaker sounding "ridiculous" or "absurd," it may not always be the
best solution. Instead, the text proposes a process of negotiation to determine the intended
meaning of the source text and how best to convey it to the target reader. This may involve
stretching the communicative resources of the target language while ensuring
interpretability. However, the text acknowledges that maintaining interpretability can be
challenging, as seen in examples discussed in Unit 2 where translation choices can lead to a
loss of meaning or clarity.
 Text-Based
Information
 Text-Based Information
This text talks about how translators use information from the text they're translating. It says that translators
often switch back and forth between using information from the text itself and what they think makes sense based
on their own knowledge. Ideally, translators should rely more on what the text says and less on their own ideas to
create an accurate translation. When translators rely too much on their own ideas, they might miss important
details from the original text. For example, the text shows a translation where the translator included information
about satellite channels and newspapers, even though it wasn't really needed. Instead, the original text just meant
that something had been publicly acknowledged. To make a better translation, the text suggests using language
that fits the original meaning more closely. This way, the translation stays true to what the text actually says.
Example:
• Original Text:
"A necessary move
Through Lebanese satellite’s channels and newspapers we acknowledge and always emphasize the unity of the
Lebanese and the Syrian tracks."

• Edited Translation:
"A necessary move
Certainly, we acknowledge and always emphasize the unity of the Lebanese and the Syrian tracks."
 Text-Based
Information
Text-based information refers to the content and meaning conveyed through the use of
language in a text. Text-based information can be categorized into two main types:
1. Reader-supplied information: This refers to the information that the reader brings to
the text, such as their knowledge of the subject matter, their familiarity with the genre
or text type, and their understanding of the conventions of the language. This
information is not explicitly stated in the text but is inferred by the reader based on
their prior knowledge and experience.
2. Text-supplied information: This refers to the information that is explicitly stated in the
text, such as the content of the sentences, the structure of the text, and the use of
language to convey meaning. This information is provided by the text itself and is
essential for understanding the text's meaning.
In translation, it is important to consider both types of information when determining the
appropriate level of equivalence and fidelity to the source text
Reader-Supplied
information
 Reader-Supplied
information
Reader-supplied information refers to the knowledge, experiences,
and assumptions that a reader brings to a text, which can influence
their interpretation and understanding of the text. Here are some
examples of reader-supplied information in translation:
• Cultural knowledge: A reader's understanding of a text may be
influenced by their cultural background.
• Linguistic knowledge: A reader's understanding of a text may be
influenced by their knowledge of the source language.
 Reader-Supplied
information
● Textual knowledge: A reader's understanding of a text may
be influenced by their previous knowledge of the text or its
author.
● Contextual knowledge: A reader's understanding of a text
may be influenced by the context in which they are reading
the text.
 CONCLUSION
the exploration of text type in translation reveals several key concepts that shape the
translation process. Firstly, the standard of textuality underscores the importance of coherence,
cohesion, and communicative effectiveness in producing well-formed texts and translations.
Secondly, markedness highlights the presence of deviations from the norm in language forms,
which can influence the meaning and interpretation of a text. Thirdly, the consideration of text-
based information emphasizes the need to evaluate the relevance and communicative impact of
formal features within the broader context of the text's rhetorical purpose. Lastly, the concept of
reader-supplied information underscores the dynamic interaction between reader interpretation
and the text's intended meaning, highlighting the translator's role in navigating between these
two sources of information. Overall, an understanding of these concepts enriches the translator's
ability to produce accurate, contextually appropriate translations that effectively convey the
original text's message.
Thank you
Apakah ada pertanyaan?
Reference
Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday (2004)
explains in their book entitled ‘Translation:
An Advanced Resource’.