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A. Unit 1 Powerpoint Introduction To GCSE Chemistry

This document provides an introduction to chemistry and discusses the structure and arrangement of matter at the particle level. It explains that all materials are made up of tiny particles and describes how the particles are arranged in solids, liquids and gases. It also discusses changes of state such as melting and boiling points, and how impurities can affect these temperatures.

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bibjin4
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25 views22 pages

A. Unit 1 Powerpoint Introduction To GCSE Chemistry

This document provides an introduction to chemistry and discusses the structure and arrangement of matter at the particle level. It explains that all materials are made up of tiny particles and describes how the particles are arranged in solids, liquids and gases. It also discusses changes of state such as melting and boiling points, and how impurities can affect these temperatures.

Uploaded by

bibjin4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

GCSE Chemistry
Tan Ahmed
What is Chemistry?
• Chemistry is the study of MATERIALS; and the interaction that they may have when mixed together.
What are materials made of?
• Lets start the subject by saying EVERYTHING is made up of tiny, tiny bits of stuff. The table, the air, water, and
indeed us as people are all made up of tiny tiny bits of stuff!
• These tiny tiny, bits of stuff that make up anything are termed PARTICLES. Later we will be able to explain
what particles are in more detail, but for now as a starting point the idea of particles is appropriately vague.
• We represent these particles with circles(2D) or as ball shaped (3D), although there are all various shapes
and sizes.
Arrangement of particles
• What do you think we would see if we look deep into materials and we tried to look at how the particles
were arranged?
• When we do this we find that the solids of our world all have a similar arrangement, then the liquids in our
world have a similar arrangement to each other but different to the arrangements in solids. Lets look deep
into solids, liquids and gases and see how the particles are arranged within each of these....
• Although we don’t know what particles make up various materials yet, let's represent them with circles (2
dimensional) or spheres (3D). They are arranged like this…..
Diagram, arrangement of particles

Orderly pattern No Pattern No pattern

Close together Close together Far apart

Vibrate in their places Move around each Move around rapidly and randomly
But don’t move around other slowly
LEARN TO DRAW THESE
ARRANGEMENTS
Changing state of Matter
Section 2
Changes of state.
Melting points and boiling points
• Pure chemicals have an exact melting temperature and an exact boiling temperature. These temperatures
are quoted and measured at standard atmospheric pressure.
• Consider what happens when a solid chemical is heated, it will get hotter until it starts to melt. The heat is
going into increasing the motion of the particles which will vibrate more vigorously. When it starts to melt,
then its temperature will remain constant, until it has all melted. Only then will the liquid form of the
chemical start to get even hotter...
• If heating is continued, the liquid will get hotter and hotter. Particles are moving faster and faster…
• Until the liquid boils, here the liquid turns into gas, bubbles of gas form within the liquid and they rise up to
the surface . We can see boiling take place, and the temperature at which this happens will remain constant
until all the liquid has boiled.
• If heating is continued, and we manage to contain the gas and heat it further, then the particles will move
faster and faster, the temperature will then rise up and up.
• On a graph, if we plot temperature vs time as we do all this……..
When chemicals are melting or boiling then their temperatures remain constant. The heat is then
going into overcoming the attractions between particles. Temperature is linked directly to the
average kinetic energy of the particles present. During melting the average energy of the particles
remains constant, they don’t move any faster, they simply start to break free of the lattice and start
moving around each other.
How do impurities affect the boiling and melting
temperatures?

• When impurities are present, they cause the chemical to melt or boil over a range of temperatures. Impure
chemicals will boil aver a few degrees at a HIGHER temperature than the pure chemical would have boiled
at. With melting points, impure chemicals will melt over a few degrees but this range will be LOWER than the
melting temperature of the pure chemical.
• So typical we may see how salt as an impurity affects the m.pt and b.pt of pure water.

1. Melting point of pure water = 0 degrees celsius.


2. Melting point of salty water may be between –5 and –2 degrees celcsus.

•
3. Boiling point of water = 100 degrees celsius
4. Boiling point of salty water may be between 102-104 degrees celsius.
Evidence for the existence of Particles
• There are a number of experiences that will provide evidence that
particles do exist in the way I have mentioned to you.

You must be able to relate observations in the real world and explain
them using particles ideas.

These ideas involving particles in science are called kinetic theory


Drying
• Puddle of water eventually disappears
• Towel will dry on a washing line
• Wet hands eventually dry
Smells
• Mr Ahmed’s cooking is smelled next door

• Perfume smells in a room, after person walks in

• Fart smell spreads across room


DIFFUSION - learn this

• The spreading out of gas and liquid particles, due to the motion of
these particles is known as DIFFUSION
GCSE experiments
• You must understand the following three experiments

• Bromine in gas jar


• Potassium manganate (VII) in water
• Long tube experiment

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