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Virology DPT

The document discusses the structure and characteristics of viruses. It covers their size, components including nucleic acid and capsids, shapes and types. It also discusses virus classification, pathogenesis within host cells, oncogenic viruses and factors allowing viral persistence.

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misdduaa
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30 views

Virology DPT

The document discusses the structure and characteristics of viruses. It covers their size, components including nucleic acid and capsids, shapes and types. It also discusses virus classification, pathogenesis within host cells, oncogenic viruses and factors allowing viral persistence.

Uploaded by

misdduaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VIROLOGY

Introduction
And
structure of virus
Virus

Are smallest infectious agent containing only


one kind of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) as their
genome, covered by a protective protein coat.
Viruses are innert in extracellular
environment,they replicate only in living cells.
They can infect unicellular organisms like
bacteria & algae and also higher plants and
animals
Characteristic features of virus:
• Not cells
• Not capable of independent replication
• Can not synthesize own energy or own proteins (So can
reproduce only within cells)
• Too small to be seen by light microscope
• Replicate in different manner (i.e no binary fission or mitosis-
one virus replicates to produce hundreds of progeny)

• Do not have
nucleus
cytoplasm
mitochondria
ribosomes
STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES
• Shapes- Variable
spheres, rods, bullets or bricks
• Size range 20-300 nʍ
• Four basic Components

.Nucleic acid
.Capsid
.Viral proteins
.Envelope (+/-)
• Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA):
. Single stranded or double stranded
. Classification
• DNA viruses:
Hepatitis B virus, Herpes simplex virus,
Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus
Smallpox virus
.RNA viruses:
Polio virus, Hepatitis A virus, Rota virus
Dengue virus, Hepatitis C virus, Rubella
virus HIV, Measles virus, Mumps virus,
Rabies virus, Hepatitis delta virus
Oncogenic viruses
• RNA tumor viruses
Human T cell lymphotropic viruses
cause leukemias and lymphomas
Hepatitis C virus Causes hepatocellular
carcinoma
• DNA tumor viruses
Human papilloma virus causes benign
warts which progress to malignant
Oncogenic viruses
• Epstein Barr virus causes Burkits lymphoma
and Nasophayngeal carcinoma
. Hepatitis B virus also causes Hepatocellular
carcinoma
• Viral Capsid:
. A protein coat- Encloses nucleic acid
. Made up of repeating subunits(Polypeptides)
called capsomers
.Nucleic acid + Capsid= Nucleocapsid

.Capsid gives stability to virus particle as it is


resistant to drying, heat, proteases etc.
.Capsid gives symmetry to virus particle
.Icosahedral
.Helical
• Viral proteins:

Capsid proteins
Envelope proteins
Enzyme proteins
Matrix proteins
• Viral Envelope:

.Forms outermost covering for some viruses


.Composed of host lipids and viral proteins
.Surface proteins act as receptors
.Confers instability to virus as it is sensitive to
drying, heat and acids
Virus like agents
• Defective virus, Prions, viroids, pseudovirions

Prions: Infectious particles composed of


proteins only , lacking nucleic acid
E.g. Creutzfeldt-jakob
Defective virus: Nucleic acid + Proteins
Can not repliicate without a Helper virus
which provides its missing function
E.g. HDV needs HBV
Classification of viruses
• Two major components of virus used in
classification
1.Nucleic acid (DNA / RNA)
2. Capsid
Size , symmetry, envelope present or
not
Pathogenesis
• Changes at cellular level:
Cell death
Abnormal structures
Inclusion bodies (Areas of viral
proteins or viral particles E.g. Negri bodies-
Rabies)
Owls eye inclusions (CMV)
Multinucleated giant cells by fusion
of virus infected cells E.g Herpes virus infection
• Malignant transformation
Viral persistence may lead to malignant
transformation
E.g HCV, HPV etc
• No apparent change
Virus persists but host cell continues to
multiply and function
• Clinical stages in the infected cell:
.Virus transmission to host cell--- Skin, GIT,
blood,respiratory tract etc.
.Replication and cell damage---due to
inhibition of cellular machinery
.Immune response--- Cell mediated or
antibody mediated
.Persistence of infection--- can be true latency
like HSV or persistence (virus continues to
replicate and cause damage, also k/a chronic
infection) like HIV, HBV
• Factors responsible for persistence:
.Antigenic variation
.Immune tolerance
.Down regulation of MHC class
.Direct inhibition of mediators of immunity

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