ADVANCE LEADERSHIP TRAINING CENTER, INC.

ALTC
”ALTC is committed to provide world – class standards in training,
management consultancy and safety coaching services.

MANDATORY OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

AND HEALTH (OSH) ORIENTATION FOR
EMPLOYEES
General Concepts of
Occupational Safety
and Health
Session Objective:

At the end of the session, the participants

will be able to define and discuss the
general concepts of OSH towards effective
OSH implementation in the workplace.
Unsafe and Unhealthy
Acts and Conditions
ACCIDENT
An occurrence or event  loss; damage
that is unexpected/
unforeseen, unplanned  injury
and unwanted.  death
Common Reasons for Accidents

Layman’s version:
◦ ‘Oras na kasi niya, hayaan na siyang
mamahinga!’
◦ ‘Ang malas naman niya!’
◦ ‘T**** kasi niya!’
◦ ‘Kasama sa trabaho yan!’

These are not real causes - - -

only EXCUSES
Accidents
Accidents
Accidents
Accidents
Accident causation
Work Theory
PEOPLE
Workforce
Management of the workforce
Policies People
Behavior

ENVIRONMENT
Physical surroundings
Natural environment Environment Equipment
Community, social & legal influences

MATERIALS
Used, worked or made
EQUIPMENT
Tools and Machinery
Materials
Accident causation refers to the factors that are the primary reasons behind an accident. For
occupational health and safety professionals, determining causation factors in any workplace injury
or accident is the key.
 Accident Theory

People

Environment Equipment

Materials
H. W. Heinrich, Domino Theory
 Study of Accidents
• 98 – Preventable
» 88% - Unsafe Acts
» 10% - Unsafe Conditions
• 2% - Non-Preventable

 Domino Theory, “Accident” is one factor in a sequence that

may lead to injury.
Immediate Causes of accidents

• Unsafe / Unhealthy ACTS

• Unsafe / Unhealthy
CONDITIONS
Unsafe / Unhealthy ACT

 A human action that departs from

a standard or written job
procedure or common practice,
safety rules, regulations, or
instructions.
 A violation of a commonly-
accepted safe procedures and or
processes.
What will you look for as
safety officers?
Examples of Unsafe Acts
• Operating equipment without authority
• Removing safety devices
• Using Defective equipment
• Improper/Non-use of PPE
• Horseplaying
• Working while under the
influence of alcohol or drugs
Examples of Unsafe Act

Improper or Non-use of Personal

Protective Equipment Not focusing on the task Not using the right
tool for the task
Examples of Unsafe Act

Failure to pre plan the work

Ignoring Safety Procedure
Factors Contributing to Unsafe Acts

• Improper Attitude
• Physical Limitations
• Lack of Knowledge

or Skills
 Unsafe Condition

• The physical or chemical property of a material,

machine or the environment that may result in injury
to a person, damage or destruction to property and
other losses;
• could have been guarded or prevented.
What will you look for as
safety officers?
Examples of Unsafe Conditions

 Inadequate guards/protection
 Defective tools, equipment
 Congested / blocked exits
 Inadequate warning systems
 Slippery floors
 Hazardous atmospheric condition
 Excessive noise
 Extreme temperature
 Inadequate illumination/ ventilation
 ACCIDENTS / ILLNESSES

US / UH US / UH
Acts Conditions

• Unaware
• Unnoticed
• Unable
• Uncorrected
• Unmotivated
• As safety officers, you need to:

- correctly identify unsafe &

unhealthy acts, conditions in
your workplaces
- address/control these to
prevent accidents from
happening
Let’s practice!
Hazard identification
Hazard identification
A fatal accident is just the TIP of the iceberg

1 Death
10 serious accidents
100 minor injuries
1,000 hazardous occurrences
10,000 unsafe acts or conditions
Definition of Terms
Hazard

• Hazard: Any source of potential damage,

harm, or adverse health effect on people.
Workplace Hazards
Safety / Direct Hazards Health Hazards
• The harm results in some kind • Working conditions which
of injury to the worker result in an illness
• Working conditions where
harm to the workers is of an • Often, latency between
immediate & violent nature exposure & disease
• Result in broken bones, cuts,
bruises, sprains, loss of limbs, • Exposure to dangerous
etc. substances or conditions such
• Associated with poorly as chemicals, gases, dusts,
guarded or dangerous noise, etc.
equipment & machinery
Safety / Direct Hazards
Safety Hazards
• Hazards from poor housekeeping
• Fire hazards
• Machine-related / mechanical hazards;
Hazardous motions

• Hazards associated with materials handling

• Electrical hazards
Health Hazards
Health Hazards

Physical
noise, vibration, radiation,
defective illumination,
temperature extremes
Chemical
dusts, gases, vapors,
fumes, mists, etc.
Biological
viruses, bacteria,
Ergonomic
fungi, parasites,
insects, etc.
exhaustive physical exertions, excessive
standing, improper motions, lifting heavy
load, job monotony, workplace stress,
etc.
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards

These arise from excessive airborne

concentration of …
– Vapors
– Mists
– Fumes
– Gases
– Dusts
Phyiscal Hazards
Physical Hazards
1. Noise
2. Vibration
3. Illumination
4. Extreme temperature
5. Extreme pressure
6. Radiation
 1. Noise
• Unwanted and excessive sound
• A form of energy caused by the vibration of air

Arm’s Length Rule

“If two (2) people with no hearing
impairment have to raise their voices
or shout to be heard in a distance of
less than arms length from each
other, the sound level is potentially
hazardous.”
 2. Vibration
• is a physical factor that acts on man by transmission of
mechanical energy from sources of oscillation.
 Low frequency or whole body
– weaving looms, harvester-thresher, tractors
 High frequency or segmental
– hand driven power tools such as chain saw,
portable grinder and polishers
3. Illumination
• is the measure of stream of
light falling on a surface
Natural Artificial
Types of Workplace Lighting
1. General lighting 2. Local lighting
4. Extreme Temperature

• Extremes of temperature (low or high)

affect the amount of work that man can do
and the manner in which they do.
Factors affecting Heat Exposure:
Thermal factors
• temperature & humidity

Physical Workload
• light, moderate, heavy & very heavy

Work-Rest Regimen
 5. Extreme Pressure
• Change in the altitude or atmospheric
pressure

6. Radiation
• Is the emission or transmission of energy as
waves or moving particles (ionizing, non-
ionizing)
Biological Hazards
Biological Hazards
• Microbiological
 Bacteria, viruses, molds,
fungi and protozoa

• Macrobiological
 Insects, parasites, plants
and animals, soil
Ergonomic Hazards
 Ergonomics - fitting the task to the
worker
Examples:

• Improperly designed tools or

work areas
• Static posture
• Forceful exertion
• Improper lifting or reaching
• Poor visual conditions
• Repeated motion/Repetitive
movement in awkward position
Risk and Risk Classification
Risk

• Risk: A combination of the probability of

occurrence of a hazardous event and the
severity of injury or damage to the health of
people caused by this event.
Risk Assessment

- process of identifying workplace hazards,

evaluating risks to workers’ safety and health
and control the relevant hazards.
 Classification of Risk

Low risk establishment – refers to a workplace where there is

low level of danger or exposure to safety and health hazards and not
likely or with low probability to result in accident, harm, injury, or ill-
ness.
Medium risk establishment – refers to a workplace where
there is moderate exposure to safety and health hazards and with
probability of an accident, injury or illness, if no preventive or con-
trol measures are in place.

High risk establishment – refers to a workplace where there is

high level of exposure to safety and health hazards, and probability
of a major accident resulting to disability, death or major illness is
likely to occur if no preventive or control measures are in place.
 The following are workplaces commonly associated with
potentially high-risk activities:

1. Chemical works and chemical production 11. Power generation, transmission and dis-
plants; tribution in the energy sector;
2. Construction; 12. Storage and distribution center for toxic
3. Deep sea fishing; or hazardous chemicals;
4. Explosives and pyrotechnics factories; 13. Storage of fertilizers in high volume;
5. Firefighting; 14. Transportation;
6. Healthcare facilities; 15. Water supply, sewerage, waste manage-
7. Installation of communication acces- ment, remediation activities;
sories, towers and cables; 16. Works in which chlorine is used in bulk;
8. LPG filling, refilling, storage and distribu- and
tion; 17. Activities closely similar to those enumer-
9. Mining; ated above and other activities as deter-
10. Petrochemical works and refineries; mined by DOLE in accordance with exist-
ing issuances on the classification of es-
tablishments.
Review
Review questions

1. Differentiate between unsafe/unhealthy acts

and unsafe/unhealthy conditions.
2. Give five (5) examples of safety hazards.
3. Enumerate the all the health hazards
discussed in this module.
Clear Points
• Accidents and injuries result to losses of
lives, limbs, time and property

• Most accidents at work could have been

prevented. Unsafe and unhealthy acts and
conditions in the workplace must be addressed.

• Every workplace has different hazards,

risk, levels of exposure. Tailor fit your OSH
response to your risk classification.
Speaker: Warren Joe A. Calderon
Accredited OSH Consultant
[email protected]