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Lesson 2-Sensor

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9 views

Lesson 2-Sensor

Uploaded by

quanghieu.inamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SENSORS

What is a sensor (transducer)?


Resistive sensors
Hall Sensor
Hall Effect
E = KIB/t
E: Hall voltage [V]
K: Hall coefficient depending on the materials
I: Excited current through the film [A]
E B: Magnetic field strength [G]
t: thickness of the film [cm]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wpAA3qeOYiI
Circuit with Hall sensor
Application of Hall sensor as a tachometer
Application of Hall sensor as a switch

+ - Output
South pole North pole

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdgU49ne4gA
Strain gauges
Load cell
Uroflowmeter

BME Department - International University


- VNU HCM - Vietnam 16
www.hcmiu.edu.vn/bme
THERMISTORS
NTC or Negative Temperature Coefficient thermistors, and
PTC or Positive Temperature Coefficient thermistors.
Inductive sensors
Capacitive sensors
Electrodes
fig_05_03

Figure 5.3 Sintered Ag/AgCI electrode


fig_05_04

Figure 5.4 Equivalent circuit for a biopotential electrode in contact with an


electrolyte Ehc is the half-cell potential, Rd and Cd make up the impedance
associated with the electrode-electrolyte interface and polarization effects,
and Rs is the series resistance associated with interface effects and due to
resistance in the electrolyte.
fig_05_08

Figure 5.8 A body-surface electrode is placed against skin, showing the total
electrical equivalent circuit obtained in this situation. Each circuit element on
the right is at approximately the same level at which the physical process that
it represents would be in the left-hand diagram.
fig_05_09

Figure 5.9 Body-surface biopotential electrodes (a) Metal-plate electrode


used for application to limbs, (b) Metal-disk electrode applied with surgical
tape, (c) Disposable foam-pad electrodes, often used with
electrocardiographic monitoring apparatus.
fig_05_10

Figure 5.10 A metallic suction electrode is often used as a precordial


electrode on clinical electrocardiographs.
fig_05_11

Figure 5.11 Examples of floating metal body-surface electrodes (a) Recessed


electrode with top-hat structure, (b) Cross-sectional view of the electrode in
(a), (c) Cross-sectional view of a disposable recessed electrode of the same
general structure shown in Figure 5.9(c). The recess in this electrode is
formed from an open foam disk, saturated with electrolyte gel and placed
over the metal electrode.
fig_05_12

Figure 5.12 Flexible body-surface electrodes (a) Carbon-filled silicone rubber


electrode, (b) Flexible thin-film neonatal electrode (after Neuman, 1973). (c)
Cross-sectional view of the thin-film electrode in (b). [Parts (b) and (c) are from
International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering. Digest of the
10th ICMBE, 1973.]
fig_05_13

Figure 5.13 Needle and wire electrodes for percutaneous measurement of


biopotentials (a) Insulated needle electrode, (b) Coaxial needle electrode, (c)
Bipolar coaxial electrode, (d) Fine-wire electrode connected to hypodermic
needle, before being inserted, (e) Cross-sectional view of skin and muscle,
showing fine-wire electrode in place, (f) Cross-sectional view of skin and
muscle, showing coiled fine-wire electrode in place.
fig_05_14

Figure 5.14 Electrodes for detecting fetal electrocardiogram during labor, by


means of intracutaneous needles (a) Suction electrode, (b) Cross-sectional
view of suction electrode in place, showing penetration of probe through
epidermis, (c) Helical electrode, that is attached to fetal skin by corkscrew-
type action.
fig_05_15

Figure 5.15 Implantable electrodes for detecting biopotentials (a) Wire-loop


electrode, (b) platinum-sphere cortical-surface potential electrode, (c)
Multielement depth electrode.
fig_05_16
Figure 5.16 Examples of
microfabricated electrode arrays, (a)
One-dimensional plunge electrode
array (after Mastrototaro et al.,
1992), (b) Two-dimensional array,
and (c) Three-dimensional array
(after Campbell et al., 1991).
fig_05_17

Figure 5.17 The structure of a metal microelectrode for intracellular


recordings.
fig_05_18

Figure 5.18 Structures of two supported metal microelectrodes (a) Metal-


filled glass micropipet. (b) Glass micropipet or probe, coated with metal film.
fig_05_19

Figure 5.19 A glass micropipet electrode filled with an electrolytic solution (a)
Section of fine-bore glass capillary, (b) Capillary narrowed through heating
and stretching, (c) Final structure of glass-pipet microelectrode.
fig_05_20

Figure 5.20 Different types of microelectrodes fabricated using


microelectronic technology (a) Beam-lead multiple electrode. (Based on
Figure 7 in K. D. Wise, J. B. Angell, and A. Starr, “An Integrated Circuit
Approach to Extracellular Microelectrodes.” Reprinted with permission from
IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 1970, BME-17, pp. 238–246. Copyright © 1970 by
the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.) (b) Multielectrode silicon
probe after Drake et al. (c) Multiple-chamber electrode after Prohaska et al. (d)
Peripheral-nerve electrode based on the design of Edell.
fig_05_21
Figure 5.21 Equivalent circuit of
metal microelectrode (a) Electrode
with tip placed within a cell,
showing origin of distributed
capacitance, (b) Equivalent circuit
for the situation in (a), (c)
Simplified equivalent circuit.
(From L. A. Geddes, Electrodes
and the Measurement of
Bioelectric Events, Wiley-
Interscience, 1972. Used with
permission of John Wiley and
Sons, New York.)
fig_05_22
Figure 5.22 Equivalent circuit of glass
micropipet microelectrode (a) Electrode
with its tip placed within a cell, showing
the origin of distributed capacitance, (b)
Equivalent circuit for the situation in (a),
(c) Simplified equivalent circuit. (From L.
A. Geddes, Electrodes and the
Measurement of Bioelectric Events,
Wiley-Interscience, 1972. Used with
permission of John Wiley and Sons,
New York.)

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