Chapter 1

Introduction to Engineering
Drawing

BY. ATSEDE TARIKU

1.Introduction
History of Technical Drawing
For 20000 years, a drawing has been a portrayal of
ideas through the use of lines
Our early ancestors explained their ideas
 By making in the dust of the floors of their caves
 The pictures of different animals on the wall of the caves
 Cont...
At the beginning of Christian era, roman architects
had become skilful in preparing drawings
Leonardo da Vinci‘s(1452-1519) sketch shows the
aware of multi view drawings
Gas pared Monge, French mathematician, introduced
theory of projection at the end of 18th century
INTRODUCTION
Drawing as a means of communications
Engineers are creative people who use technical
means to solve problems
New product
 Research
 Development

 Design

 Production, construction, and Operation

It needs communication

 Cont…
Exchange of ideas needs means of
communication.
As the idea becomes technical the usual means
of communication (talk or listen, read or write)
will be less exact.
For this reason visual language is developed to
be technical and accurate means
communication.
This visual language in broad term is called
graphic language.
 Cont…
The v-block is to be made of cast iron and machined
on all surfaces. The overall sizes are two and one-half
inches high, three inches wide, and six inches long. A
v-shaped cut having an included angle of 90° is to be
made through the entire length of the block. The cut
is to be made with the block resting on the three inch
by six inch surface. The v-cut is to begin one-quarter
inch from the outside edges. At the bottom of the v-
cut there is to be a relief slot one-eighth inch wide by
one-eighth inch deep.
Cont…
 Cont...
The most common names associated with the graphic
language are:
Drafting : represent all graphic languages.
Technical Drawing : Any drawing which expresses
technical ideas, including sketches, instrument
drawings, charts, and illustrations. Eg. Technical
Sketching; Freehand.
 Cont…
Technical Sketching: A technical drawing used
to proportion shape of ideas so that other can
understand the shape of things.
Mechanical Drawing : A technical drawing made
with drafting instruments.
Engineering Drawing : Drawing used by
engineers and other member of the design-
engineering team to describe the production of
parts, shape, size and material.
 Cont…
Descriptive Geometry : The grammar of graphic
language, the basic principle set up to use
geometric descriptions for solving two and three
dimensional problems.
Computer Graphics : Use of computer as drafting
instrument with printer or plotter.
Technical drawing is the study of the procedures,
tools, supplies, skills and techniques used to
record and communicate the shape and size of a
product.
 Cont...
Therefore Technical Drawing is a formal and precise
way of communicating information about the shape,
size, features and precision of physical objects
 Cont…
Three Basic Types of
Technical Drawings
Freehand sketches

Instrument drawings

Computer drawings
and models
 Cont…
There are two principles in drawing
Visualization
• The ability to see what an object looks like in the mind of
eye.
Implementation
• Drawing of an object that has been visualized
 Cont…
Study of drawing can be categorized as
Plane geometry
 Representation of an object having two dimensions
Solid geometry
 Representing three dimensions of objects
 Cont…
Present 3-D objects with 2-D media
Two Basic Categories
2-D 3-D
 Cont….
Mechanical drawing for Engineers
Advantage
 It is technical
 Exact
 Clearest way to communicate
 It is a universal language

Disadvantage
 Time consuming to produce
 It needs skill
 Cont…
Production Drawings
Used to:
 transmit and communicate information for the production of
objects and assemblies
Classified in two major categories:
 detail drawings
 assembly drawings
Drawing representation
Detail drawing
Drawings of single parts
May be drawn one part per sheet
May be several parts detailed on a large sheet
Include info such as dimensions and notes relating to
material, finish, weight, or tolerance
includes all of the information needed to fabricate the
part.
 Cont…
Assembly Drawings
Show how parts fit together or are functionally related
Dimensions typically refer to relationships among the
parts
Often a bill of materials (listing of all parts necessary to
make up the total assembly) is included.
 Cont…
An assembly drawing is
handy for
Manufacturer,
Who works in
construction,
Who works in Installation,
Technician servicing a
product.
 Cont…
Exploded pictorial drawings
Represent several parts assembled according to the axes
of their assembly
Parts are not shown assembled but are moved apart
along the principal axes of the product
Typically not dimensioned
Helpful for assembly purposed on the production line
 Cont…
Exploded pictorial
drawings
shows all of the
components spread
out, or exploded. so
you can see what each
part looks like.
frequently used in
illustrated parts
manuals and service
bulletins.
 Cont…
Installation Drawing
Required when an assembly
or group of assemblies is
installed
An installation drawing
shows the location of the
parts and assemblies the
completed product and
identifies all of the detail
parts used in the
installation.
Revision of Descriptive Geometry
objective is to remind:
 Care and use of drawing instruments and material
Conventional lines
Title block and Border lines
Laying out of the paper
Free hand Lettering
Neatness of drawing
A/ Care and use of drawing instrument and
materials
In engineering drawing any object is represented by
straight lines and/or curves. These lines should be
drawn as accurate as possible by the help of drawing
instruments.
Quality of a drawing depends to a large extent on the
quality , adjustment, proper use and care of drawing
instruments.
 Cont…
List of drawing instruments
Drawing board
Drawing sheets
T-square, or parallel-ruling straightedge, or drafting
machine
Drafting tape
Drafting pencils
Pencil sharpener
Lettering instrument
 Cont…
Eraser
Erasing shield
Triangle (Set-square) (450 and 300 - 600)
Architect’s or engineer’s scale
Irregular curves (French curve)
Drawing instrument set (Compass, Divider, extensions)
Protractor
Templates
 Cont…
Drawing broad
Drawing tables come in many different size and design.
It could be fixed, movable, with drawer, adjustable, etc.
They are used to attach drawing sheet.
Keep your drawing table clean and dry not to affect
your drawing quality.
Don’t use blades to cut drafting tapes on drawing table.
 Cont…
US CUSTOMARY ISO STANDARD
Drawing sheet SERIES
made from different
materials with Siz First Second Size Third series
e serie serie
different quality. s s
Paper, tracing paper,
A 81/2 x 11 9 x 12 A0 841 x 1189
vellum, tracing cloth,
glass cloth or film. B 11 x 17 12 x 18 A1 594 x 841
Drawing sheets will
determine selection of C 17 x 22 18 x 24 A2 420 x 594
pencil grade
D 22 x 34 24 x 36 A3 297 x 420

E 34 x 44 36 x 48 A4 210 x 297
Cont...
 Cont…
T-square
They can be made from
different materials, mostly
from wood or plastic.
Parts: blade and head
two edges of the blade
should be parallel.
The head is fixed at 900 to
the blade
The cleanness of your T –
square greatly affect your
drawing quality and
cleanliness.
Used for
Cont…
 Drawing horizontal
lines
 Guiding triangles
 Position drawing paper
 Cont…
Drawing pencils
Most drawing pencil leads are made from
graphite. They are usually made in 17 degrees
of hardness.
• 6B(softest and blackest) • H (medium hard)
• 5B(extremely soft) • 2H (hard)
• 4B extra soft) • 3H (hard, plus)
• 3B (very soft) • 4H (very hard)
• 2B (soft, plus) • 5H (extra hard)
• B (soft) • 6H (extra hard, plus)
• HB (medium soft) • 7H (extremely hard)
• F (intermediate, between • 8H (extremely hard, plus)
soft and hard) • 9H (Hardest)
 Cont...
Pencil grades Strength Application
9H, 8H, 7H, 6H Hard Light constructions
5H, 4H Medium hard Dimensioning, center
lines, invisible object
lines
3H, 2H Medium Visible object lines

H, F Medium soft Lettering and free hand

sketching
HB, B Soft

2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B Softness increases

in the given order
 Cont…
Drawing pencils
Selection of drawing pencil
 type and quality of drawing paper
 how thick and dark you wand the line to be.

Pencil lines should be clean and sharp. They must be

dark enough for the views to be seen when the standard
lines are drawn.
If you use too much pressure, you will groove the
drawing surface. You can avoid this if you use proper
grade of lead.
Turn the pencil between your thumb and forefinger as
you draw a line.
 Cont…
Drawing instrument set
It may include compass with pen part and pencil part,
divider,
Dividers:- used to transfer distance
Compass:- used to draw circles or arcs (which are
parts of a circle)
French Curves
Used to draw irregular curves
It is available to align at least three points the curve to
be drawn
 Cont…
Scale Enlarged Same size Reduced
2000:1
 made from different
1000:1 1:1 1:2
materials.
500:1 1:5
 made with different
200:1 1:10
division
100:1 1:20
 Metric Scales
50:1 1:50
• Metric scales are divided
into millimeters. 20:1 1:100

10:1 1:200
NOTE:- USING PROPER SCALE YOU 5:1 1:500
CAN READ FULL SIZE
MEASUREMENTS FROM 2:1 1:1000
DRAWINGS.
 B/ Conventional lines
TYPE OF LINES ILUSTRATION APPLICATION
Continuous thick line Visible outlines (boundary lines)

Continuous thin line Dimension lines, leader lines, extension

lines, construction lines & hatching
(Section) lines.
Continuous thin wavy Irregular boundary lines, short break lines,
line (drawn free hand)
Long break lines.
Continuous thin line
with ZIGZAG.
Short dash Invisible edges
Locus lines center lines,
Long chain thin line

Long chain thick at Cutting plane lines.

ends and thin
elsewhere.
Long thin chain with Phantom line, show alternate position
two dash lines
Cont…
C/ Borders and Title Blocks
Borders
provides a safety area to prevent the loss of important
information
approve appearance for presentation purposes
Title Blocks
some items standard: drawing number, sheet number,
title, company name, logo, scale, date, tolerances,
drafter, checker, supervisor
D/ Laying out of the paper
Before start drawing, prepare drawing instruments
and clean them properly
The drawing table is to be set in the way of light
comes from the left
Attach the paper near the left edge or position at
equal distance in all directions
cont…
E/ Free Hand Lettering
Lettering plays a major role in overall appearance of a
drawing.
Lettering should be executed in one stroke
Vertical lettering
Horizontal lettering
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1

3 6

3
2
 Suggested Strokes Sequence
Upper-case letters & Numerals

Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters

Curved line
letters &
Numerals
 Suggested Strokes Sequence

Lower-case letters

The text’ s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital

letter.
I L T F

E H
V X W
N M K Z

Y A 4
O Q C G
D U P B

R J 1 2
5 7
S 0 3 6

8 9
Stroke Sequence

l i
 Stroke Sequence
v w x k

z
Stroke Sequence

j y f t

r
 Stroke Sequence

c o a b

d p q e
Stroke Sequence
g n m h

u s
 Word Composition
Observe the following word

Spacing
JIRAPONG
Contour || || \ / \ | )( )| |(
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
 Space between Letters
1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant

2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve

 Space between Letters
5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant

7. The letter “L” and “T”

≡ slant slant

slant
≡ straight
Example : Good and Poor Lettering
GOOD

Not uniform in style.

Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke.

Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.

 Sentence Composition

Leave the space between words equal to the space

requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALL O DIMENSIONS O ARE O IN

MILLIMETERS O UNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
F/ Neatness of a drawing
Should be complete and unambiguous
Should be neat and easy to read
Use only as many views as necessary to show all
required detail
 OU !
N K Y
T HA