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CompTIA Network+ Exam N10-008

Lesson 15
Deploying and Troubleshooting
Wireless Networks
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Objectives
Summarize wireless standards
Install wireless networks
Troubleshoot wireless networks
Configure and troubleshoot wireless security
Lesson 15

Topic 15A
Summarize Wireless Standards

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IEEE 802.11 Wireless Standards
Wi-Fi modulation and carrier methods
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
Ack undamaged frames
Request to Send/Clear to Send
Original data rate just 1 Mbps
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IEEE 802.11a and 5 GHz Channel Bandwidth
2.4 GHz
Better propagation, but fewer channels and greater interference risk
5 GHz
Lower range, but less congested
IEEE 802.11a (54 Mbps)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
23 x non-overlapping 20 Mhz channels
Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) and regulatory impacts
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IEEE 802.11b/g and 2.4 GHz Channel Bandwidth
IEEE 802.11b (11 Mbps)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS),
along with Complementary Code Keying
(CCK) signal encoding
14 x 5 MHz channels
Wi-Fi still needs 20 MHz channel
bandwidth
Channels require careful configuration to
avoid overlap
IEEE 802.11g (54 Mbps)
OFDM
802.11b compatibility mode
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IEEE 802.11n, MIMO, and Channel Bonding
Single User Multiple Input Multiple Output (SU-
MIMO)
AxB:C transmit and receive antennas plus
maximum simultaneous streams
Spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity
Can use 5 GHz or 2.4 GHz bands with channel
bonding
High Throughput (HT)/greenfield
288.8 Mbps for a single channel and 600
Mbps for bonded channels
HT mixed mode for compatibility with older
standards
Wi-Fi 4
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Wi-Fi 5 and Wi-Fi 6
Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac)
5 GHz only
80 or 160 MHz channel bonding
Up to 8 spatial streams
Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax)
High Efficiency (HE)
2.4 GHz or 5 GHz (plus new 6 GHz band)
Enhancements to support Internet of Things (IoT) devices
OFDM with multiple access (OFDMA)
Not so much throughput, but reduced latency
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Multiuser MIMO
Beamforming
Downlink MU-MIMO (DL MU-MIMO)
Separate signals by alignment
Up to 4 in Wi-Fi 5 and up to 8 in Wi-Fi 6
Uplink MU-MIMO (UL MU-MIMO)
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2G and 3G Cellular Technologies
2G cellular radio
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
Initially used Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) allows number portability between handsets
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)/IS-95
Circuit Switched Data (CSD)
3G packet radio for cellular networks
General Packet Radio Services/Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (GPRS/EDGE) for
2.5G on GSM
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)/Evolved High Speed Packet Access
(HSPA+) for 3G on GSM networks (now using a form of CDMA)
CDMA2000 Evolution Data Optimized (EV-DO) for 3G on CDMA networks
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4G and 5G Cellular Technologies
Long Term Evolution (LTE) for 4G
Convergence between the GSM and “CDMA” camps – uses Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access (OFDMA)
150 Mbps downlink (nominally)
20 Mbps more typical of actual conditions
Long Term Evolution (Advanced) (LTE-A)
300 Mbps downlink (nominally)
90 Mbps more typical of actual conditions
5G
Aims for 1 Gbps but achieves 50 – 300 Mbps
Uses hundreds of small antennas in different frequency bands, unlike with current wireless
cells
Fixed-wireless broadband solutions
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Review Activity: Wireless Standards
• IEEE 802.11 Wireless Standards
• IEEE 802.11a and 5 GHz Channel Bandwidth
• IEEE 802.11b/g and 2.4 GHz Channel Bandwidth
• IEEE 802.11n, MIMO, and Channel Bonding
• Wi-Fi 5 and Wi-Fi 6
• Multiuser MIMO
• 2G and 3G Cellular Technologies
• 4G and 5G Cellular Technologies
Lesson 15

Topic 15B
Install Wireless Networks

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Infrastructure Topology and Wireless Access Points
Access point (AP)
Bridges wireless stations (STA) and cabled
network
Basic Service Set (BSS)
MAC address of AP is used as Basic
Service Set Identifier (BSSID)
More than one BSS can be grouped
together in Extended Service Set (ESS)
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Wireless Site Design
Service Set Identifier (SSID)
Multiple BSSs with the same SSID form an extended service set (ESS)
SSID broadcast and beacon frame
Speed and distance requirements
Maximum indoor and outdoor ranges
Dynamic Rate Switching/Selection (DRS)
Built environment obstructions
Radio source interference
Competing wireless networks
Other devices/standards
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Site Surveys and Heat Maps
Inspect floor plan and rooms to identify
obstructions
Plan cells to provide good coverage of the
area
Device density
Bandwidth per device (uplink/downlink)
Use wireless survey tools to identify signal
strength and channel utilization (heat map)
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Wireless Roaming and Bridging
Extended service area (ESA)
Distribution System (DS) where wired network connects access points via switches
Access points use different channels to avoid interference
Access points all use the same SSID (Extended SSID/ESSID) and security configuration
Disassociation/reassociation
Wireless Distribution System (WDS)
Repeater mode
Wireless bridges
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Wireless LAN Controllers
Manage tens or hundreds of access points
Appliance or software solution
Access point governed by controller is “thin” or “lightweight”
Lightweight Access Point Protocol (LWAPP)
VLAN pooling
Power over Ethernet
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Ad Hoc and Mesh Topologies
Ad hoc
Peer-to-peer or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
Mesh
Self-forming network with path discovery and routing
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Review Activity: Wireless Network Installation
• Infrastructure Topology and Wireless Access Points
• Wireless Site Design
• Site Surveys and Heat Maps
• Wireless Roaming and Bridging
• Wireless LAN Controllers
• Ad Hoc and Mesh Topologies
Lesson 15

Topic 15C
Troubleshoot Wireless Networks

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Wireless Performance Assessment
Specifications and limitations
Speed versus throughput
Distance
Radio frequency (RF) attenuation or free space path loss
Doubling distance quadruples signal loss
dBm measures signal strength as ratio to 1 milliwatt (mw)
1 mw = 0 dBm
Negative dBm represents fractional mw values
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Signal Strength
Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)
Up to -65 dBm is a good signal
-80 dBm is at the limit
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
Wi-Fi analyzers
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Antenna Types
Omnidirectional
Same signal in all directions - torus (donut) shape
Unidirectional (Yagi and parabolic)
Signal can be focused in one direction to increase signal strength
Gain measured in dBi (decibel isotropic) units
Beamwidth
Polarization
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Insufficient Wireless Coverage Issues
Insufficient wireless coverage
Add access point
Configure wireless bridge
Antenna placement
Antenna cable attenuation
Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP)
Transmit Power + Cable Loss + Antenna Gain
Maximum transmit power and regulatory limitations
Client must be able to transmit back
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Channel Utilization and Overlap Issues
Co-channel interference (CCI)
Adjacent channel interference (ACI)
Channel layout
Transmit power and site survey
Overlap for roaming
Access point association time
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Overcapacity Issues
High number of stations overwhelming access point
Manage client density
Analyze associations through controller
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Interference Issues
Reflection/bounce
Refraction
Absorption/environmental factors
Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Spectrum analyzers
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Review Activity: Wireless Network Troubleshooting
• Wireless Performance Assessment
• Signal Strength
• Antenna Types
• Insufficient Wireless Coverage Issues
• Channel Utilization and Overlap Issues
• Overcapacity Issues
• Interference Issues
Lesson 15

Topic 15D
Configure and Troubleshoot Wireless
Security

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Wi-Fi Encryption Standards
Cryptographic protocols and authentication mechanism
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
Based on RC4 cipher from Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
Adds Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)
Both WEP and WPAv1 are too weak to use safely
WPA2
Uses strong Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher
Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message
Authentication Code Protocol (CCMP)
WPA3
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Personal Authentication
WPA2 Pre-Shared Key Authentication
Group authentication
All stations configured with same passphrase
Passphrase used to generate master encryption key
4-way handshake generates session keys
WPA3 Personal Authentication
Still based on group passphrase
Key generation improved by Password Authenticated Key Exchange (PAKE)
Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) generates session keys
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Enterprise/IEEE 802.1X Authentication
Uses Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
to authenticate to a network server
IEEE 802.1X allows only EAP over Wireless
(EAPoW) until station is authenticated
User’s network credential is used to generate
session keys
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Wi-Fi Security Configuration Issues
Wrong SSID and incorrect passphrase issues
Incorrect manual configuration of SSID
Selecting wrong SSID
Encryption protocol mismatch issues
Check client support for WPA version
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Client Disassociation Issues
Disassociation and deauthentication
AP or station can initiate
Station might be roaming
Malicious attacks
Spoof frames to disconnect station from WLAN
Try to force new connection to rogue AP
Sniff authentication process
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Open Authentication and Captive Portal Issues
Access point configured with no security
No encryption
Secondary authentication mechanisms
Captive portal
Connection security
Use SSL/TSL-protected services (HTTPS and secure email)
Use a secured VPN
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Review Activity: Wireless Security
• Wi-Fi Encryption Standards
• Personal Authentication
• Enterprise/IEEE 802.1X Authentication
• Wi-FI Security Configuration Issues
• Client Disassociation Issues
• Open Authentication and Captive Portal Issues
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CompTIA Network+ Exam N10-008

Lesson 15
Summary

Copyright © 2023
2022 CompTIA, Inc. All Rights Reserved. | CompTIA.org