Cisco Certified Network

Associate
Cisco Networking Academy
Turku Polytechnic
 CCNA1 - data
• Units of data
– Bits and bytes
– 8 Bits = byte
• Numbering systems
– Binary, base 2
– Decimal, base 10
– Hexadecimal, base 16
CCNA1 - OSI
CCNA1 – Data encapsulation
 CCNA1 - Bandwidth
• It’s finite
• It’s not free
• Demand for it is ever increasing
• It’s key factor when analyzing network
performance
• Units and limitations
– bps (limited by medium)
 CCNA1 Media
• Copper media
– Data is coded with electricity
– Cable specifications (10BASE-T)
– Coaxial cable, shielded twisted-pair cable,
screened twisted pair cable,
unshielded twisted pair cable (most popular)
– Three different types of twisted pair cables:
• Straight-through, crossover and rollover
Twisted pair cable types (which one to choose)

X = switch, bridge or hub

1 = some other (pc, router etc)

X+X = crossover cable

1+1 = crossover cable
X+1 = straight cable
 CCNA1 Media
• Optical media
– Data is coded with light
– Wavelength used in fiber is either 850nm, 1310
nm or 1550nm (visible light is between 400 –
700 nm)
– Only one ray (created by LED or LASER) of
light is in use (compare to light bulb)
 CCNA1 Media
• Wireless LAN
– 802.11, 1997, 1 to 2 Mbps, 2,4 GHz
– 802.11b, 1999, WI-FI, up to 11 Mbps, 2,4 GHz
– 802.11a, 1999, up to 54 Mbps, 5 GHz
– 802.11g, 2003, up to 54Mbps, 2,4 GHz
– Rate doubling (108 Mbps) with proprietary
technology
 CCNA1
• Every time when data is transmitted with electricity, there
is noise involved.
– Attenuation
– Crosstalk (near, far and power sum)
– Propagation delay
• Optical fiber have different kind of interferences (much
less) than copper media. Magnetic fields don’t affect fiber!
 CCNA1 Cabeling
• Physical layer (layer 1)
– Copper media
• Ring topology (Token ring)
• Bus topology (Ethernet)
– Optical
• Dual ring topology (FDDI)
– Wireless
• Atmosphere or space (Ethernet)
 CCNA1 - Ethernet
Ethernet operates in layer 1 and layer 2 (OSI)

Layer 1 is divided in two: Physical Medium and Physical

Signaling Sublayer

Layer 2 is also divided in two: Media Access Control and

Logical Link Control

MAC
Place for physical address, MAC address (48bit long / 12
hex)
• First 6 as Organizational Unique Identifier
• Last 6 administrated by the manufacturer
Without MAC same as without name (every device
except hub and repeater has mac address)
 CCNA1 - Ethernet
CSMA/CD
– Carrier sense
– Multiple access
– Collision detection
After collision, keep sending a while (JAM signal), wait
random time and try again
 CCNA1 - Ethernet
- In shared media only one machine can send
at same time -> collisions

- In half duplex you can only send or receive at the

same time

- Shared media cannot have full duplex connections

- Twisted pair Max. length is 100m

 CCNA1 - connectivity
Hub and repeater

- OSI Layer 1
- Encapsulation unit bit
- Signal retiming
- Forwarding all traffic, doesn’t use any addresses to see
what to forward
 CCNA1 - connectivity
Switch and bridge (MAC)

- OSI Layer 2
- Encapsulation unit frame
- Microsegmentation (one collision domain for each full duplex
connection)
- Breaks collision domains
- Switches forward broadcasts (doesn’t break broadcast domain)
- Controls traffic by examining senders (source) MAC-address and
making table from learned source MAC-addresses.
- If switch doesn’t have destination MAC-address in memory, frame is
forwarded out from all ports except the one where it was received!
• Switches use three different switching modes.
• Cut-through switching
– Low latency
– No error checking
– Symmetric switching
• Fragment-free switching
– Latency somewhere in between
– Reads the first 64 bytes of a frame to ensure the
integrity of frame.
– Symmetric switching
• Store-and-forward switching
– High latency
– Full error checking (FCS)
– Asymmetric switching
• After dividing the network into several
collision domains, we must use either
multicast or broadcast frames to reach all
devices.
• These two techniques can cause severe
congestion problems too. Spanning tree
protocol is used to resolve switching loops.
 CCNA1 Switches
• Spanning tree protocol
– Prevent switching loops
– Bridge Protocol Data Unit messages are sent
through the switch network, so that all
connected switches are known. Based on this
information the Root bridge is selected.
– The Spanning Tree Algorithm is used to resolve
and shutdown redundant paths.
 CCNA1 - Router
Router (IP)

- Layer 3
- Encapsulation unit packet
- Ip addressing
- Routing
- Breaks collision domains and broadcast domains
- Routing (reititys) protocol (RIP,IGRP,EIGRP,OSPF)
- Routed (reititettävät) protocol (IP,IPX)
• How do routers know where to deliver packets? The
answer is logical address = IP address.
 IP
• IP address
– 32 bit long, divided in four octets (8 bit/octet)
– Decimal values can be between 0 – 255 (total
of 256 numbers)
– IP address is divided in two parts; network and
host
– There is 5 different classes of IP addresses
Address classes
 IP
• How to manage large IP networks (e.g. class A
address have +16 million hosts)?
• Using subnets.
– You borrow bits from host portion to create subnets.
– At the same time you lose some host addresses (first
address from each network is called network
address, last address from each network is called
broadcast address, first network, last network)
• Got IP address CLASS C 193.166.100.0 /24
netmask (255.255.255.0) from ISP
• Need to split network into 5 subnets

• How many bits are needed for 5 subnets?

• 2^1= 2
• 2^2= 4 4-2=2 usable, not enough
• 2^3 = 8  8-2=6 usable subnets, 3 bits needed for
subnets

• New netmask (old 24 bit + 3 subnet bits) = /27

• Netmask slash format /27
• Decimal format 255.255.255.224
• Binary format 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 0000
• Network bits in netmask are all ones, host bits are zero
• Dark blue bits are original subnet bits, red are borrowed
• Netmask = 32 bits (In netmask one bits can have zeros between them!)
• To know what is maximum number (including ones you can’t use) of
hosts/subnet, count zero bits from netmask
• 32 – 27 = 5 host bits, 2^5 bits= 32 hosts/subnet
 Subnetting
• Got IP address CLASS B 133.166.99.0 /16 netmask (255.255.0.0)
from ISP
• Need networks with 1500 hosts in one subnet

• How many bits are needed for 1500 hosts?

• 2^1= 2
• 2^2= 4
• 2^3 = 8
• 2^4= 16
• …..
• 2^10=1024  1024-2=1022, not enough
• 2^11=2048  2048-2=2046, 11 bits needed for hosts
• Netmask = 32 bits, 11 bits for hosts  32-11=21 bits for networks
 Subnetting

• Netmask slash format /21

• Decimal format 255.255.248.0
• Binary format 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1000 0000 0000
• Network bits in netmask are all ones, host bits are zero
• To know what is maximum number (including ones you
can’t use) of subnets in this case, count one bits from
netmask 2^5 bits= 32 subnets
 Subnetting
• Netmask /30
• Binary 1111 1111 | 1111 1111 | 1111 1111 | 1111 1100
• Netmask counting bits (last octet)

• 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
• 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

• 5 bits are ones, decimal 128+64+32+16+8+4=252

• Netmask in decimal 255.255.255.252
• Number of hosts/subnet (counted directly from netmask)
256-252 = 4 hosts/subnet (2 usable)
• Netmask /27
• Binary 1111 1111 | 1111 1111 | 1111 1111 | 1110 0000
• Netmask counting bits (last octet)

• 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
• 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

• 3 bits are ones, decimal 128+64+32=224

• Netmask in decimal 255.255.255.224
• Number of hosts/subnet (counted directly from netmask)
256-224 = 32 hosts/subnet (30 usable)
• Netmask /18
• Binary 1111 1111 | 1111 1111 | 1100 0000 | 0000 0000
• Netmask counting bits (third octet)

• 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
• 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

• 3 bits are ones, decimal 128+64=192

• Netmask in decimal 255.255.192.0
• Number of hosts/subnet (counted directly from netmask)
(256-192)*(256-0) = 16384 hosts/subnet (16382 usable)
 Private addresses
• There are three address spaces reserved for private
use:
– 10.0.0.0 /8 class A private address space
– 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.0.0 /12 class B private
address space
– 192.168.0.0 /16 class C private address space
• You can use private addresses as you like, as long
as they are not advertised to public networks.