Dima Technology College

Department of Computer Science

3 year
rd

Wireless Communication and

Mobile Computing
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 Chapter 3
Wireless Network Principles
 Principles of Wireless Networks: A Unified Approach
A true systems approach to wireless networking
Air interference design and network operation
Planning, mobility management, radio resources, power
management, and security
3G, WLANs, HIPERLAN, WATM, Bluetooth, WPAN, wireless
geolocation, and more.

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 Wireless network generally use radio waves for
communication between the network nodes.
They allow devices to be connected to the network while
roaming around within the network coverage.

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 Con’t…
 Wireless technology is the method of delivering data from one point
to another without using physical wires, and includes radio, cellular,
infrared, and satellite.
 Wireless networking technology was first used by the U.S. military
during World War II to transmit data over an RF medium using
classified encryption technology, to send battle plans across enemy
lines.
 Wi-Fi is an acronym for the phrase wireless fidelity(much like hi-
fiis short for high fidelity), but Wi-Fi is simply a brand name used to
market 802.11 WLAN technology.
 Wi-Fi radios are used for numerous enterprise applications and can
also be found in laptops, mobile phones, cameras, televisions,
printers, and many other consumer devices.
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 Con’t…

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 Con’t…
Infrared (IR) is relatively low energy and cannot
penetrate through walls or other obstacles.
IR only allows a one-to-one type of connection.
IR is also used for remote control devices, wireless
mice, and wireless keyboards.
It is generally used for short-range, line-of-sight,
communications.
Radio Frequency (RF)
RF waves can penetrate through walls and other
obstacles, allowing a much greater range than IR.

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 Con’t…
 Microwave transmission involves the transfer of voice and data
through the atmosphere as super high-frequency radio waves
called microwaves.
 Microwave transmission is mainly used to transmit messages
between ground-based stations and satellite communications
systems.
 Bluetooth is a technology that makes use of the 2.4 GHz band.
 It is limited to low-speed, short-range communications, but has
the advantage of communicating with many devices at the same
time.
 This one-to-many communications has made Bluetooth
technology the preferred method over IR for connecting
computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards and printers.
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 Satellite
 Communication satellite is an artificial satellite used specifically as
a communication transmitter/receiver in orbit.
 It behaves like a radio relay station above the earth to receive,
amplify, and redirect analog and digital signals carried on a specific
radio frequency.
 Is an artificial body placed in orbit round the earth or moon or
another planet in order to collect information or for communication:
 A satellite is an object in space that orbits or circles around a bigger
object.
 There are two kinds of satellites:
Natural (such as the moon orbiting the Earth) or
Artificial (such as the International Space Station orbiting the Earth).

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 Con’t…
Every usable artificial satellite — whether it's a human or
robotic one — has four main parts to it:
Power system (which could be solar or nuclear, for
example),
Way to control its attitude,
An antenna to transmit and receive information, and
A payload to collect information (such as a camera or
particle detector).

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 Frequency Allocation and Regulation
Frequency allocation is the allocation and regulation
of the electromagnetic spectrum into radio
frequency bands, normally done by governments in
most countries. Because radio propagation does not
stop at national boundaries, governments have sought
to harmonies the allocation of RF bands and their
standardization.

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 Con’t…
Frequency is the number of times a specified event occurs
within a specified time interval.
 A standard measurement of frequency is hertz (Hz),
which was named after the German physicist Heinrich
Rudolf Hertz.
The frequency at which electromagnetic waves cycles is
also measured in hertz.

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 Con’t…
Different metric prefixes can be applied to the hertz (Hz)
measurement of radio frequencies to make working with
very large frequencies easier:
1 hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle per second
1 kilohertz (KHz) = 1,000 cycles per second
1 megahertz (MHz) = 1,000,000 (million) cycles per second
1 gigahertz (GHz) = 1,000,000,000 (billion) cycles per
second
So when we are talking about 2.4 GHz WLAN radio cards,
the RF signal is oscillating 2.4 billion times per second!

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 Advantages of Wireless Networks
It provides clutter-free desks due to the absence of wires and
cables.
It increases the mobility of network devices connected to the
system since the devices need not be connected to each other.
Accessing network devices from any location within the
network coverage or Wi-Fi hotspot becomes convenient since
laying out cables is not needed.
Installation and setup of wireless networks are easier.
New devices can be easily connected to the existing setup
since they needn’t be wired to the present equipment.
Wireless networks require very limited or no wires. Thus, it
reduces the equipment and setup costs.
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 Con’t…
Examples of wireless networks
Mobile phone networks
Wireless sensor networks
Satellite communication networks
Terrestrial microwave networks

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 Multiplexing
Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals into
one signal, over a shared medium.
If analog signals are multiplexed, it is Analog Multiplexing and if
digital signals are multiplexed, that process is Digital
Multiplexing.
A common kind of multiplexing merges a number of low-speed
signals to send over an only high-speed link, or
it is used to transmit a medium as well as its link with a number
of devices.
Analog multiplexing used to unite analog signals.
This type of technique is useful when the link’s bandwidth is
better than the United bandwidth of the transmitted signals.
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 Con’t…
Multiplexing, or muxing, is a way of sending multiple
signals or streams of information over a communications
link at the same time in the form of a single, complex
signal.
In telecommunications and computer networking,
multiplexing (sometimes contracted to muxing) is a method
by which multiple analog or digital signals are combined
into one signal over a shared medium.
The aim is to share a scarce resource. For example, in
telecommunications, several telephone calls may be carried
using one wire.

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 Con’t…

The device that does multiplexing can be simply called as

a MUX
While the one that reverses the process which is
demultiplexing, is called as DEMUX.

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 Types of Multiplexers
There are mainly two types of multiplexers, analog and
digital.
They are further divided into FDM, WDM, and TDM.

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 Advantages
1. One signal can be transmitted over a single medium.
2. The utilization of a medium bandwidth can be done
very effectively
3. Multiplexing enhances the network’s economic
stability because it reduces both the time as well as
cost required for the operation of the physical
medium

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 Modulation
It enables the sending of encoded data using radio signals.
Wireless networks use modulation as a carrier signal,
which means that the modulated tones carry data.
The process of modulation is the varying in a signal or a
tone called a carrier signal.
Data is then added to this carrier signal in a process
known as encoding.
A modulated waveform consists of three parts:
Amplitude: The volume of the signal
Phase: The timing of the signal between peaks
Frequency: The pitch of the signal

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 Media access control (mac)
Media Access Control (MAC) is a sub layer of the data link
layer (DLL) in the seven-layer OSI network reference
model.
MAC is responsible for the transmission of data packets to
and from the network-interface card, and to and from
another remotely shared channel.
Media Access Control (MAC layer) are the sub layers of
the data link layer (Layer 2) in OSI Reference Model. ‘
MAC’ is also refer to as MAC layer.
It use MAC protocols to provides unique addressing
identification and channel access control mechanism.

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 Con’t…
The essence of the MAC protocol is to ensure non-collision
and eases the transfer of data packets between two computer
terminals.
A collision takes place when two or more terminals transmit
data/information simultaneously.
This leads to a breakdown of communication, which can
prove costly for organizations that lean heavily on data
transmission.

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 Media Access Control Methods
This network channel through which data is transmitted
between terminal nodes to avoid collision has three various
ways of accomplishing this purpose. They include:
Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance
(CSMA/CA)
Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection
(CSMA/CD)
Demand priority
Token passing

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 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
CSMA/CA is a media access control policy that regulates
how data packets are transmitted between two computer
nodes.
This method avoids collision by configuring each computer
terminal to make a signal before transmission.
Multiple access implies that many computers are
attempting to transmit data.
Collision avoidance means that when a computer node
transmitting data states its intention, the other waits at a
specific length of time before resending the data.

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 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
(CSMA/CD) is the opposite of CSMA/CA.
Instead of detecting data to transmit signal intention to
prevent a collision, it observes the cable to detect the
signal before transmitting.
Collision detection means that when a collision is detected
by the media access control policy, transmitting by the
network stations stops at a random length of time before
transmitting starts again.
It is faster than CSMA/CA as it functions in a network
station that involves fewer data frames being transmitted.

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 Demand Priority
The demand priority is an improved version of the Carrier
sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD).
This data control policy uses an ‘active hub’ in regulating
how a network is accessed.
Demand priority requires that the network terminals obtain
authorization from the active hub before data can be
transmitted.
In the Ethernet media, demand priority directs that data is
transmitted directly to the receiving network terminal.

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 Token Passing
This media access control method uses free token passing to
prevent a collision.
Only a computer that possesses a free token, which is a small
data frame, is authorized to transmit.
Transmission occurs from a network terminal that has a higher
priority than one with a low priority.
Token passing flourishes in an environment where a large
number of short data frames are transmitted.
Each terminal holds this free token for a specific amount of
time if the network with the high priority does not have data to
transmit, the token is passed to the adjoining station in
the network.
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 Antennas
An antenna provides two functions in a
communication system.
When connected to the transmitter, it collects the AC
signal that it receives from the transmitter and directs, or
radiates, the RF waves away from the antenna in a
pattern specific to the antenna type.
When connected to the receiver, the antenna takes the RF
waves that it receives through the air and directs the AC
signal to the receiver. The receiver converts the AC
signal to bits and bytes.

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 Con’t…
There are two ways to increase the power output from
an antenna.
The first is to generate more power at the transmitter, as
stated in the previous section.
The other is to direct, or focus, the RF signal that is
radiating from the antenna. This is similar to how you
can focus light from a flashlight.

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 Signal Propagation
Electromagnetic waves can move through a perfect
vacuum or pass through materials of different mediums
The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, which is usually
simply referred to as spectrum, is the range of all possible
electromagnetic radiation.
This radiation exists as self-propagating electromagnetic
waves that can move through matter or space.
Electromagnetic waves include gamma rays, X-rays,
visible light, and radio waves.
Radio waves are electromagnetic waves occurring on the
radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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 Con’t…
RF signal starts out as an electrical alternating current
(AC) signal that is originally generated by a transmitter.
This AC signal is sent through a copper conductor
(typically a coaxial cable) and radiated out of an antenna
element in the form of an electromagnetic wave.
An alternating current is an electrical current with a
magnitude and direction that varies cyclically, as opposed
to direct current, the direction of which stays in a constant
form called sine wave.
Electromagnetic signals can travel through mediums of
different materials or travel in a perfect vacuum.
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 Con’t…
Every RF signal has the following characteristics and
these characteristics are defined by the law of physics:
Wavelength
Frequency
Amplitude
Phase
wavelength is the distance between the two successive
crests (peaks) or two successive troughs (valleys) of a
wave pattern

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 Con’t…
As RF signals travel through space and matter, they lose
signal strength (attenuate).
It is often thought that a higher frequency
electromagnetic signal with a smaller wavelength will
attenuate faster than a lower frequency signal with a
larger wavelength.
Amplitude can be defined as the maximum displacement
of a continuous wave.
is represented by the positive crests and negative troughs
of the sine wave.

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 Con’t…
Phase is not a property of just one RF signal but
instead involves the relationship between two or more
signals that share the same frequency.
Phase can be measured in distance, time, or degrees.
 If the peaks of two signals with the same frequency are
in exact alignment at the same time, they are said to be in
phase. Conversely,
if the peaks of two signals with the same frequency are
not in exact alignment at the same time, they are said to
be out of phase.

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 RF behaviors
RF propagation behaviors include absorption,
reflection, scattering, refraction, diffraction, free space
path loss, multipath, attenuation.
RF signal between two locations is a direct result of
how the signal propagates.
The manner in which a wireless signal moves is often
referred to as propagation behavior.

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 Con’t…
Absorption Objects that absorb the RF waves, such as
walls, ceilings, and floors
Scattering Objects that disperse the RF waves, such as
rough plaster on a wall, carpet on the floor, or drop-down
ceiling tiles
Reflection Objects that reflect the RF waves, such as
metal and glass

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 Classifications of Wireless Network
wireless network enables people to communicate and
access applications and information without wires.
This provides freedom of movement and the ability to
extend applications to different parts of a building, city, or
nearly anywhere in the world.
Wireless networks allow people to interact with e-mail or
browse the Internet from a location that they prefer.
The four types of wireless networks
Wireless LAN, wireless MAN, wireless PAN and wireless
WAN.

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 Types of Wireless Networks
WLANS: Wireless Local Area Networks
WLANS allow users in a local area, such as a university
campus or library, to form a network or gain access to the
internet.
A temporary network can be formed by a small number of
users without the need of an access point; given that they do
not need access to network resources.
WPANS: Wireless Personal Area Networks
The two current technologies for wireless personal area
networks are Infra Red (IR) and Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15).
 These will allow the connectivity of personal devices within
an area of about 30 feet. However, IR requires a direct line of
site and the range is less.
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 Con’t…
WMANS: Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
This technology allows the connection of multiple networks
in a metropolitan area such as different buildings in a city,
which can be an alternative or backup to laying copper or
fiber cabling.
WWANS: Wireless Wide Area Networks
These types of networks can be maintained over large areas,
such as cities or countries, via multiple satellite systems or
antenna sites looked after by an ISP.
These types of systems are referred to as 2G (2nd
Generation) systems.

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 Comparison of Wireless Network Types

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 Con’t…
Two standards bodies are primarily responsible for
implementing WLANs:
IEEE defines the mechanical process of how WLANs are
implemented in the 802.11 standards so that vendors can
create compatible products.
The Wi-Fi Alliancebasically certifies companies by
ensuring that their products follow the 802.11 standards,
thus allowing customers to buy WLAN products from
different vendors without having to be concerned about
any compatibility issues.

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 Con’t….
 Two 802.11 access modes can be used in a WLAN:
Ad hoc mode
Infrastructure mode
 Ad hoc mode is based on the Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). In
IBSS, clients can set up connections directly to other clients without an
intermediate AP.
 This allows you to set up peer-to-peer network connections and is
sometimes used in a SOHO. The main problem with ad hoc mode is that
it is difficult to secure since each device you need to connect to will
require authentication. This problem, in turn, creates scalability issues.
 Infrastructure mode was designed to deal with security and scalability
issues. In infrastructure mode, wireless clients can communicate with
each other, albeit via an AP. Two infrastructure mode implementations
are in use:

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 Con’t…
Basic Service Set (BSS)
Extended Service Set (ESS)
In BSS mode, clients connect to an AP, which allows them to
communicate with other clients or LANbased resources.
The WLAN is identified by a single SSID; however, each AP
requires a unique ID, called a Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID),
which is the MAC address of the AP’s wireless card. This mode is
commonly used for wireless clients that don’t roam, such as PCs.
In ESS mode, two or more BSSs are interconnected to allow for
larger roaming distances.
To make this as transparent as possible to the clients, such as
PDAs, laptops, or mobile phones, a single SSID is used among all
of the APs. Each AP, however, will have a unique BSSID.
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 h a n k s
T r
f o r Y o u
t i o n ! !
At t e n
!

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