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Qualitative Data Analysis

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Qualitative Data Analysis

Uploaded by

ainnur syiffa
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© © All Rights Reserved
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QUALITATIVE DATA

COLLECTION
QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION
• Qualitative data is non-numerical in nature. This
type of data is collected through methods of
observations, one-to-one interviews,
conducting focus groups etc.

• The cake is delicious in taste (qualitative).


• Females have brown, black, blonde, and red
hair (qualitative).
• Qualitative data is important in determining the
characteristics
Types of qualitative data collection

 Case study
 Ethnography
 Archival research
 Content analysis
 Secondary data analysis
CASE STUDY
A case study is a method of obtaining in-depth information
on a person, group or phenomenon to provide descriptions
of specific or rare cases.
Case studies involve a detailed contextual analysis
of a limited number of events or conditions and
their relationships. It provides the basis for the
application of ideas and extension of methods. It
helps a researcher to understand a complex issue or
object and add strength to what is already known
through previous research.
Types of case studies
Case studies can be:
• Exploratory
• Explanatory
• Descriptive (Yin, 1994)
Case studies can be used to:
• Provide description
• Test theory
• Generate theory (Eisenhardt, 1989).
STEPS OF CASE STUDY METHOD
In order to ensure objectivity and clarity, a researcher
should adopt a methodical approach to case studies
research. The following steps can be followed:
1.Identify and define the research questions - The
researcher starts with establishing the focus of the
study by identifying the research object and the
problem surrounding it. The research object would be
a person, a program, an event or an entity.
2.Select the cases - In this step the researcher decides
on the number of cases to choose (single or multiple),
the type of cases to choose (unique or typical) and the
approach to collect, store and analyze the data. This is
the design phase of the case study method.
3. Collect the data - The researcher now collects the data
with the objective of gathering multiple sources of
evidence with reference to the problem under study. This
evidence is stored comprehensively and systematically in a
format that can be referenced and sorted easily so that
converging lines of inquiry and patterns can be uncovered.
4. Evaluate and analyze the data - In this step the
researcher makes use of varied methods to analyze
qualitative as well as quantitative data. The data is
categorized, tabulated and cross checked to address the
initial propositions or purpose of the study. Graphic
techniques like placing information into arrays, creating
matrices of categories, creating flow charts etc. are used to
help the investigators to approach the data from different
ways and thus avoid making premature conclusions.
Multiple investigators may also be used to examine the
data so that a wide variety of insights to the available data
can be developed.
5. Presentation of Results - The results are
presented in a manner that allows the reader to
evaluate the findings in the light of the evidence
presented in the report. The results are corroborated
with sufficient evidence showing that all aspects of
the problem have been adequately explored. The
newer insights gained and the conflicting
propositions that have emerged are suitably
highlighted in the report.
ETHNOGRAPHY

descriptive study of a particular human society or the


process of making such a study. Modern ethnography is
based almost entirely on fieldwork and requires the
complete immersion of the anthropologist in the culture
and everyday life of the people who are the subject of
his study.
It emphasizes the importance of culture or the common
knowledge of a group of people use to interpret their
experience and guide their behavior

ETHNOGRAPHY is not used to find out what works, but


to find out what is going on in a specific situation.
The study uses observation, interviews and collection of
qualitative data to triangulate the conclusions

Forms of Ethnographic data:


Field Notes (both descriptive and reflective notes). The
use of audiotape, videotape, or digital recording is helpful
in capturing all that is happening

Open ended interview is another form of data collection in


Ethnographic research
ARCHIVAL RESEARCH
In Bibliographical Life History, the author
1. Tells the story of a single individual, thus
providing a single focus for the study
2. The data collection consists of conversations
or stories.
3. Recall a special events of his life. Focus on
events and interprets the meaning of event
4. Detail information about the setting or
historical context and relate the meaning to the
larger literature
5. The author is present in the study
Most historical data are in the forms of documents, oral
statements, statistical record and relics

Documents are printed materials that were produced in the past

Oral statement can be obtained in the form of interviews used


to create oral history of individuals about their past
experiences.

Statistical Record include any type of numerical data in printed


form: test scores, attendance records are examples of Statistical
Record
Relics are any objects whose physical characteristics provide
information about the past; Examples are: Furniture (students
desk), Samples of students assignment, Yearbook, Trophies,
and Equipment

Weight the credibility and objectivity of various sources of


information
Steps in Historical Research

1. Start with the definition of the problem or hypothesis to be


investigated. Be as specific as possible about the goal of the
study

2. Searching for appropriate source material

3. Summarize and analyze the information the Researcher


has collected. Establish authenticity of the document to be
analyzed in study

4. Make Interpretation and draw conclusions from the


evidence obtained
Content Analysis
Not all qualitative research is conducted with human participants, some
are comprised of an analysis of the documents, letters and other forms of
communication

Content Analysis is the systematic study of documents to study human


behavior, Example: Magazines advertisement to determine how children
are represented,

Forms of Content Analysis Data:


In Content Analysis data are derived from the artifacts of human
communication (books, Newspapers, Magazines Movies, Television, Art
and Music to answer specific questions about a culture

Content Analysis are some times mixed method design, using


quantitative as well as qualitative analysis
Steps in Content Analysis
Content Analysis begins with a specific question.

1. The question may arise from a previous study of


particular phenomenon or from an individual’s personal
experience

2. Identifying a body of material to be analyzed. Finding


documents from contrasting sources (newspapers, letters,
government reports) is better than one source

3. Establish very clear definitions of the characteristic or


quality that will count as evidence

4. Scrutinize the materials for instances of the evidence

5. Data Analysis often include frequencies and other


descriptive statistics. Direct Quotes and sample photographs
6. Writing the Report
Report of Content Analysis should include a clear description of
the question addressed, the materials studied, definition of what
constituted as evidence, the rating procedures, descriptive statistics
(if needed) and interpretation of what the data revealed

When is content analysis appropriate?


When it is impossible to observe the behavior of interest directly.
When the behavior occurred in the past

Limitation of Content Analysis:


A Content Analysis is only as good as the materials that is chosen
for the study. Some time the available material does not contain
the evidence that the Researcher is looking for

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