Feedback Amplifiers

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 Outline

• Introduction
• The general feedback structure
• Some properties of negative feedback
• The four basic feedback topologies
• The series-shunt feedback amplifier
• The series-series feedback amplifier
• The shunt-shunt and shunt-series feedback amplifier

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 Introduction
• It’s impossible to think of electronic circuits without
some forms of feedback.
• Negative feedback
 Desensitize the gain
 Reduce nonlinear distortion
 Reduce the effect of noise
 Control the input and output impedance
 Extend the bandwidth of the amplifier
• The basic idea of negative feedback is to trade off
gain for other desirable properties.
• Positive feedback will cause the amplifier
oscillation.
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 The General Feedback Structure

A ~ open loop gain of the

amplifier xs ~ signal from source
xo ~ output signal
xf ~ feedback signal
 ~ feedback ratio xi ~ input signal to
amplifier
 The General Feedback Equation

• Closed loop and open loop

• Closed loop gain
xo A
Af  
xs 1  A
• Feedback factor β
• Loop gain Aβ
• Amount of feedback (1+ Aβ)

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 Some Properties of Negative
Feedback

• Gain desensitivity
dA f 1 dA

Af 1  A A

• Bandwidth extension
• Noise reduction
• Reduction in nonlinear distortion

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 Gain desensitivity
• Gain desensitivity

xo A
Af   1
xs 1  A

Taking differentiation on both sides

Using 1 and 2

dA f 1 dA

Af 1  A A 7
Frequency Response of
Amplifier

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Bandwidth extension

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 Bandwidth extension

Upper 3dB Frequency

Upper 3dB Frequency

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Reduction in Nonlinear
Distortion

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 The Four Basic Feedback
Topologies
• Voltage amplifier---series-shunt feedback
voltage mixing and voltage sampling
• Current amplifier---shunt-series feedback
Current mixing and current sampling
• Transconducatnce amplifier---series-series feedback
Voltage mixing and current sampling
• Transresistance amplifier---shunt-shunt feedback
Current mixing and voltage sampling

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 Numerical
• A capacitively coupled amplifier has a midband gain of
1000 V/V, a single high-frequency pole at 10 kHz, and a
single low-frequency pole at 100 Hz. Negative feedback is
employed so that the midband gain is reduced to 10. What
are the upper and lower 3-dB frequencies of the closed-
loop gain?

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14
 The Series-Shunt Feedback
Topologies

voltage-mixing voltage-sampling (series–shunt) topology

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Series-Shunt Feedback

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Input Resistance,R if

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 Input Resistance,R if

Rif  Ri (1  A ) 18
Output Resistance,R 0f

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Output Resistance,R 0f

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Input and Output Resistance with
Feedback
• Input resistance
Rif  Ri (1  A )
In this case, the negative feedback increases the input
resistance by a factor equal to the amount of feedback.
• Output resistance
Ro
Rof 
1  A
In this case, the negative feedback reduces the output
resistance by a factor equal to the amount of feedback.

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op-amp in Open Loop Configuration

Gain , A (106) For V1 = 2mV

V0 = A V1 V0 = ?
op-amp in Open Loop Configuration
Example of an op-amp series-shunt
feedback circuit
 Discrete transistor series-shunt feedback circuits

(c) small-signal equivalent circuit

(a) emitter-follower of emitter-follower
(b) source-follower
Discrete transistor series-shunt feedback circuits:
(a) emitter-follower, (b) source-follower, and (c)
small-signal equivalent circuit of emitter-follower
The Series-Series Feedback
Amplifier

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 The Series-Series Feedback
Topologies

voltage-mixing current-sampling (series–series) topology

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The Series–Series Feedback Amplifier

Io
Transconductance gain A 
Vi

Gain with Feedback

 Input Resistance,R if

Input resistance

Rif  Ri (1  A ) 30
Output Resistance, R 0f

Output resistance

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Series-Series Feedback

But

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 Input and Output Resistance with
Feedback
• Input resistance
Rif  Ri (1  A )
In this case, the negative feedback increases the input
resistance by a factor equal to the amount of feedback.
• Output resistance
Rof  Ro (1  A )
In this case, the negative feedback increases the output
resistance by a factor equal to the amount of feedback.

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 Example :The Amplifier with
Series-Series Feedback

voltage-mixing current-sampling (series–series)

topology 34
 The Shunt-Shunt Feedback
Topologies

current-mixing voltage-sampling (shunt–shunt) topology

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The Shunt-Shunt Feedback
Topologies

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 Input and output Resistances
Gain with Feedback

Input resistance
Output resistance

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 Example:The OP Amplifier with
Shunt-Shunt Feedback

current-mixing voltage-sampling (shunt–shunt)

topology 38
 The Shunt-Series Feedback
Topologies

current-mixing current-sampling (shunt–series) topology

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 The Shunt-Series Feedback
Topologies

Input Resistance

Gain with Feedback Output Resistance

Rof  Ro (1  A )
 Example : The Amplifier with
Shunt-Series Feedback

current-mixing current-sampling (shunt–series) topology

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