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Small Sample Estimation of A Population Mean

The document discusses estimating population means by discussing concepts like the Student's t-distribution and constructing confidence intervals. It provides examples of constructing confidence intervals for unknown population means based on sample data and assumptions of normal distributions. It also includes sample questions to test understanding.

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fayeursolino
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21 views28 pages

Small Sample Estimation of A Population Mean

The document discusses estimating population means by discussing concepts like the Student's t-distribution and constructing confidence intervals. It provides examples of constructing confidence intervals for unknown population means based on sample data and assumptions of normal distributions. It also includes sample questions to test understanding.

Uploaded by

fayeursolino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Small Sample
Estimation of a
Population Mean
3

objectives

1. To be familiar with Student’s t-distribution.


2. To apply additional formulas for a confidence interval for a
population mean.
3. Interpret the meaning of the constructed confidence interval of each
problem.
4

Pre - test
DIRECTION: Write the letter of the correct answer.

Question 1:

Which of the following best describes the population mean?

a) The average of a sample


b) The average of the entire population
c) The maximum value in the population
d) The minimum value in the population
5

Pre - test
DIRECTION: Write the letter of the correct answer.

Question 2:

What does the standard error of the sample mean measure?

a) The variability within the population


b) The variability within the sample
c) The average deviation of sample means from the population mean
d) The range of the sample data
6

Pre - test
DIRECTION: Write the letter of the correct answer.

Question 3:

As the sample size increases, the standard error of the sample mean:

a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Stays the same
d) Cannot be determined
7

Pre - test
DIRECTION: Write the letter of the correct answer.

Question 4:

The Central Limit Theorem states that, as the sample size increases:

a) The sample mean approaches the population mean


b) The sample mean becomes more variable
c) The sampling distribution becomes skewed
d) The sample mean becomes less reliable
8

Pre - test
DIRECTION: Write the letter of the correct answer.

Question 5:

A researcher wants to estimate the average weight of elephants in a


sanctuary. The population consists of 100 elephants. The researcher
takes a random sample of 10 elephants and calculates the sample
mean weight as 5000 kg. If the population standard deviation is known
to be 1000 kg, what is the standard error of the sample mean?
a) 100 kg
b) 200 kg
c) 316 kg
d) 500 kg
9
10

If the population standard deviation is unknown and the


sample size n is small then when we substitute the sample
standard deviation s for σ the normal approximation is no
longer valid.

The solution is to use a different distribution, called


Student’s t-distribution with n−1 degrees of freedom.
11

Student’s t-distribution is
very much like the standard
normal distribution in that it
is centered at 0 and has the
same qualitative bell shape,
but it has heavier tails than
the standard normal
distribution does, as indicated
12

Properties of the t-distribution are as follows:


1. The t-distribution is bell shaped and symmetric about the mean.
2. The t-distribution is a family of curves, each determined by a parameter called
the degrees of freedom.
3. The total area under a t-curve is 1 or 100%.
4. The mean, median, and mode of the t-distribution are equal to zero.
5. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution approaches the normal
distribution. After a 30 d.f. The t-distribution is very close to the standard
normal z-distribution.
13
14

Maximum Error

E=)
15

Limits for the confidence interval

[x̄ - E < μ < x̄ + E]


or
[x̄ +) ]
16
17
How to find percentiles for a t-distribution
Sample size (N) = 10 Degrees of Freedom Find the 95th percentile of its
N – 1 = 10 - 1 = 9 corresponding t-distribution.
95% 0.95

1 - 0.95 = 0.05

1.833 is the 95th


percentile of the t-
distribution with 9
degrees of freedom.
18
Example 1.
19
Example 2.
20

Group Activity

Time duration: 20minutes


21

City planners wish to estimate the mean lifetime


of the most commonly planted trees in urban
settings. A sample of 16 recently felled trees
yielded a mean age of 32.7 years with standard
deviation of 3.1 years. Assuming the lifetimes of
such trees are normally distributed, construct a
99.8 % confidence interval for the mean lifetime
of all trees.
22

A college athletic program wishes to estimate the average


increase in the total weight an athlete can lift in three different
lifts after following a particular training program for six weeks.
Twenty-five randomly selected athletes when placed on the
program exhibited a mean gain of 47.3 lb with standard deviation
of 64lb. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the mean
increase in lifting capacity of all athletes would experience if
placed on the training program. Assume increases among all
athletes are normally distributed.
23

A manufacturer of chokes for shotguns test a


choke by shooting 15 patterns at targets 40
yards away with a specified load of shot. The
mean number of shot in a 30-inch circle is 53.5
with a standard deviation of 1.6. Construct an
80% confidence interval for the mean number of
shot in a 30-inch circle at 40 yards for this choke
with a specified load. Assume a normal
distribution of the number of shot in a 30-inch
circle at 40 yards for this choke.
24

A thread manufacturer tests a sample of eight


lengths of a certain type of thread made of
blended materials and obtains a mean tensile
strength of 8.2 lb with a standard deviation of
0.06 lb. Assuming tensile strengths are normally
distributed, construct a 90% confidence interval
for the mean tensile strength of this thread.
25

In a study of dummy foal syndrome, the average


time between birth and onset of noticeable
symptoms in a sample of six foals was 18.6
hours, with a standard deviation of 1.7 hours.
Assuming that the time to onset of symptoms in
all foals is normally distributed, construct a 90%
confidence interval for the mean time between
birth and onset of noticeable symptoms.
26

Group Activity

Time duration: 20minutes


27

Exercises
Directions: Get a one whole sheet of paper and answer the following questions.

A random sample of size 14 is drawn from a normal population. The


summary statistics are x̄ = 933
and s = 18.

1. Construct an 80% confidence interval for the population mean μ.


2. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the population mean μ.
3. Comment on why one interval is longer than the other.
28

Thank you
students !!!   

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