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Intro To GD&T

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16 views

Intro To GD&T

Uploaded by

will.fennell
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Intro to GD&T

Introduction
• What is GD&T?
• GD&T is a symbolic language used on engineering drawings and models to
communicate the design intent with precision.
• The key difference between GD&T and traditional tolerancing is the
communication of “design intent”
• GD&T ensures that parts fit together properly and function as intended.

• Use this website as your primary reference for all things GD&T, I’m
taking the majority of the definitions directly from this site
https://www.gdandtbasics.com/
Basic Principles
• GD&T is based on four fundamental principles: form, orientation,
location, and profile.
• Form controls the shape of features.
• Orientation controls the alignment of features.
• Location controls the position of features.
• Profile controls the overall shape of features.

• All of these are in reference to at least one datum feature


Datums
• Datums are theoretically exact points, axes, lines, and
planes or a combination thereof that are derived from
datum features
• A datum is specified by a black triangle and a box with the
datum identifying letter in it
Feature Control Frame
• The Feature Control Frame is used to specify the geometric
characteristics of a feature.
• It consists of a control symbol, tolerance zone, modifiers, and datum
references.
Feature of size dimension and size
tolerance

Control symbol

Tolerance of geometric control


Modifier Datum features, order matters
Common Control Symbols
Position (true position)
• defined as the total permissible variation that a feature can
have from its “true” position.
• Tolerance zone takes the form of the
feature it is controlling
• I.E. a hole will have a cylindrical
Tolerance zone and a slot will have a
rectangular tolerance zone
• Control the center point, line or
plane of the feature
Position
Position
• The entire extent of the feature must be within tolerance, so
if you have a hole or slot you’re going to have to measure the
position of the feature at two or more locations along it’s
depth or length
• For example, one set of position measurements at the top of
a hole and one set at the bottom this ensures orientation is
in tolerance
Position
• Measuring position of a hole
• Take measurements in X and Y
• Using the difference between actual and design of both x and y you
can then use trigonometry to find the distance from true position of the
feature
• If this distance falls within the control diameter then the feature is in
spec
Runout and Total Runout
• Two different symbols

• Runout controls variance relative to another feature as it is rotated in a


single point along the axis
• Total runout controls this variance along the entire length of the
feature being controlled
Runout and Total Runout
• The tolerance zone for runout is made up of two 2d concentric circles

• The tolerance zone for total runout is an annulus, the volume between
two 3d concentric cylinders
Measuring Runout
• If measuring one diameter relative to another on a shaft for example,
place the datum diameter in a v-block, rotate while measuring variance
using a dial indicator
• If total variance is larger than the control tolerance the feature is out of
tolerance
Profile
• Two types of features
• Profile of a line and Profile of a surface
Profile
• Difference between profile of a line and surface is that profile of a line
controls points on a surface along only one specific line
• Profile of a surface controls all points on a surface
• Usually requires a CMM to inspect, but in cases of simple profiles like
hexes and wrench flats you can normally inspect with more simple
devices
Circularity
• The circularity symbol is used to describe how close an
object should be to a true circle.
• Sometimes called roundness
Circularity
• The tolerance zone is made up of two concentric 2d circles, the
distance between them being the tolerance
Circularity
• Measuring circularity: Place cylinder in V-block, rotate while
measuring surface with an indicator, total variance must be less than
tolerance
Cylindricity
• Basically a 3D version of circularity
• Controls a cylindrical feature to ensure it is round and straight enough
for the designed application
• Very important for journals
Measuring Cylindricity
• Constrain the cylindrical part on it’s axis (either a v-block or spindle)
• Rotate while taking measurements with an indicator in several
locations along the length of the feature
• Total Variance must be less than the stated tolerance
Flatness
• Flatness can be thought of as a macro version of surface roughness
• They both measure the total variance of the peaks and valleys in a
surface, roughness is just on a much smaller scale
Measuring Flatness
• Cannot simply lay the part on a surface plate and sweep an indicator
across it because then you would be measuring parallelism of the top
surface to the bottom
• If using a CMM, you can lay it down and scan the surface because the
CMM software creates a theoretical plane
• Without a CMM you must hold the reference feature parallel to the
granite plate by using precision ground standoffs to lift the face off the
granite and then sweep the surface from the bottom side.
Parallelism
• Controls how parallel one surface is to another
• Will reference a datum opposite the surface being controlled
Measuring parallelism
• Place the datum surface of the part on a granite block
• Sweep the reference surface with an indicator
• If total variance is smaller than the tolerance you are in spec
Perpendicularity
• Can control a surface or an axis
• Surface would pertain to two surfaces intersecting at a 90° angle
• Axis perpendicularity would control the axis of a pin or hole relative
the surface it runs through
Measuring perpendicularity
• Surface perpendicularity
• Measure using a height gage and indicator
• Place datum surface on granite plate and sweep indicator across
controlled surface from top to bottom, total variance cannot exceed
tolerance

• Axis perpendicularity
• Put pin in hole and check with indicator
• Material condition modifiers become very important here
Material Condition modifiers
• Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
• Smallest allowable diameter for a hole
• Largest allowable diameter for a pin
• Least Material Condition (LMC)
• Smallest allowable diameter for a pin
• Largest allowable diameter for a hole
Bonus tolerance
• If a form tolerance is placed on a part and MMC is specified, any
difference in size of the feature from MMC will increase the allowable
form tolerance (i.e. bonus tolerance)
• Example
• A hole is called out as 1.0” +/- 0.010” with a perpendicularity tolerance at
MMC of 0.005
• MMC for the hole would be 0.990”
• If your hole measures 1.0” exactly then you have a bonus tolerance of 1.0”-
0.990” = 0.010” so in effect your part can have 0.005+0.010=0.015” of
perpendicularity variance and still be in tolerance

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