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Relation Between Words

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Relation Between Words

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phoeurnsokphin46
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សាកលវិទ្យាល័យវេស្ទើន

WESTERS UNIVERSITY

APPLIED LINGUSTICS

Relation between words


Presentation by : Group 14
Lecturer : Meas Mengly
Group Members

1.Dy sreynim
2.Bunthen sreypy 2

3.Somnang chantheng
t e n t
C on
• Introduction
• Sematic feather
• Sense relations
• Lexical field
1.Introduction
In the previous chapter we looked at the syntax and
collocation of lexical items, that is the relations between words
on the syntagmatic level, the ability of words to combine. We
may also consider the relations between words from the
paradigmatic point of view, how words relate to each other
hierarchically or as substitutes for one another. We shall
consider three kinds of paradigmatic relation among words: the
attempt to identify 'semantic features', the relations of 'sense',
and the attempt to organize vocabulary into lexical or semantic
'fields'.
2
I. semantic feature

• A semantic feature is a notational method which can be used to express the


existence or non-existence of pre-established semantic properties by using plus
and minus signs [+ / -].
• Semantic properties are those aspects of a linguistic unit, such as a morpheme,
word, or sentence, that contribute to the meaning of that unit.
I. semantic feature

Feature girl woman boy man


human + + + +
male - - + +
adult - + - +

Man is [+HUMAN], [+MALE], [+ADULT]


Woman is [+HUMAN], [-MALE], [+ADULT]
6

Boy is [+HUMAN], [+MALE], [-ADULT]


Girl is [+HUMAN], [-MALE], [-ADULT]
I. semantic feature
Componential analysis, also called feature analysis or contrast analysis, refers to the description of
the meaning of words through structured sets of semantic features, which are given as "present",
"absent" or "indifferent with reference to feature.

Man is [+ male], [+ mature]


woman is [-male ] ,[+ mature]
boy is [+ male], [- mature]
girl is [- male] [- mature] 7

child is [+/- male] [- mature].


By this, we realize that the word girl can have three basic factors (or semantic properties): human,
young, and female.
I. semantic feature

Man is [+ male], [+ mature]


woman is [male+ male], [+ mature] «
boy is [+ male], (- mature]
girl is [- male] [- mature]
child is [+/- male] [- mature].
By this, we realize that the word girl can have three basic factors (or semantic properties):
8

human, young, and female.


I. semantic feature

• In Componential Analysis, Binary Feature is used.


A Binary Feature assumes both the [+ ] and
[-] Features.
Girl, woman, sister, wife, queen [+FEMALE]
Boy, man, brother, husband, king [+MALE] Child, person, sibling, spouse, monarch [sex not
9
specified]
I. sematic feather

The features [FEMALE] and [MALE] are not just different but also complementary.
We can replace them with one binary feature.
Another example is:
Woman (+FEMALE], [+ADULT], [+ HUMAN]
Bachelor [-FEMALE]. [+ADULT]. (+HUMAN], [-MARRIED]
10

Spinster [+FEMALE], (+ADULT]. [+HUMAN]. [-MARRIED]


Wife [+FEMALE], [+ADULTI. [+HUMAN], [+MARRIED]
So woman is [+/- MARRIED]
II. Sense relation
3

 Definition of sense relations

Sense relation is a paradigmatic relation between words or predicates. There are


several kinds of sense relations as a result of the semantic relatedness between the
form and meaning and between two meanings which will be discussed in the
following.
 sense relations. Meaning, it is argued, involves on the one hand the relation of
reference to extralinguistic reality, and on the other relations of 'sense' to other
vocabulary items.
II. Sense relation
1. Synonymy
Synonymy is the state or phenomenon in which the words that sound different (different
in pronunciation) but have the same or identical meaning as another word or phrase.

The concrete form of synonymy is called


"synonymy“

Examples
 Small= little
 Big= large
 Mother and father = parents
 Politician= statesman
II. Sense relation

2. Antonym

Antonym is the state or phenomenon in which the words have the sense relation which
involve the opposite of meaning.
The concrete form of antonyms is called "antonym" (opposite).
II. Sense relation
Antonym can be :

o Binary antonyms
o Converse
o Gradable antonyms
II. Sense relation
 Binary antonyms

Binary antonyms come in pairs and between them exhausted all the relevant possibilities. If one
is applicable, the other cannot be,

Examples:

true - false
dead - alive
married - unmarried
same - different
II. Sense relation

Converse

 Conversances if a lexeme describes a relationship between two things (or people) and some other lexeme
describes the same relationship when the two things are mentioned in the opposite order, then the two
lexemes are CONVERSES of each other.
Example:
bellow - above
love - hate
conceal - reveal
II. Sense relation

• Gradable antonyms

Two lexemes are gradable antonyms if they are at opposite ends of a continuous scale of values (a

scale which typically varies according to the context of use).

Example:
tall - short
long - short
clever - stupid
top - bottom
love - hat
II. Sense relation
3. Hyponymy

• Hyponymy is the state or phenomenon that shows the relations between more
general term (lexical representation) and the more specific instances of it.

The concrete forms of sets of word (the specific instances) are called "hyponyms".
18

Example:
The lexical representation of: red, yellow, green, purple, black, is color.
Thus we can say that: "red is a hyponym of color" ', and so on.
II. Sense relation
4. Homonyms

Homonyms are words that are pronounced and spelled the same, although they have
different meanings.
II. Sense relation
III. Lexical field

Lexical fields

• A lexical field is a set of lexical item relaxed in meaning and arrayed to display the
similarities and different between the item.

• The implications that is approach to the study to lexical relations is that the vocabulary of a
languages can be divide up into the number of lexical field, exhaustively.
III. Lexical field

The implications that is approach to the study to lexical relations is that the
vocabulary of a languages can be divide up into the number of lexical field,
exhaustively.
In selecting word for inclusive in a particular fields, the principle of loose synonym
is applied. 22
III. Lexical field

• Further readings provide references to sources that the author has deemed
useful to a reader seeking additional information about the topic but that is not
essential to understanding the overall paper. The list of further readings
contains sources that have not been cited in the research paper.
THANK
YOU!
Any
question?

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