PRINCIPLES OF

C O M M U N I C AT I O N
SE-IT
Lecture-1
Date – 20/7/2023

Session : 08:45 am – 09:45 am Instructor:

Prof. Stella J

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 MODULE1:
INTRODUCTION
Topics:

1. Basics of Analog and Digital Communications

2. Electromagnetic Spectrum and Applications

3. Types of Communication Channel

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COMMUNICATIONS
• Communications:
Transfer of information from one place to another. Should be efficient, reliable
and secured.
“A communication system is a process of conveying information from a source to
a destination”

• Communication system:
Components/subsystems act together to accomplish information
transfer/exchange
“An electronic communication system is transferring information using an
electrical field as a mean of signal”
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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Input Message
• Voice
• Data
• Video
• SMS
• Images
• Audio

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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
•Input Transducer
• To convert the message to a
form suitable for the particular
type of communication system.
• Eg: Speech waves are
converted to voltage
variation by a microphone.

• Transmitter
• Processes the input signal to produce a
transmitted signal that suited the characteristic
of transmission channel.
• Eg: modulation, coding

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 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
•Channel (Transmission medium)
• A medium that bridges the distance from source to destination.
• Eg: Atmosphere (free space), coaxial cable, fiber optic,
waveguide
• Signal undergoes degradation from noise, interference and distortion.

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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
•The two main categories of channel commonly used are:

1. Line (conducted media)

 The channel is made up metallic cable (such as coaxial cable, twisted pair,

parallel wires, and others) or fibre optic cable.

2. Free space or radiated media

 This is the medium where the transmission of signal is carried out by the

propagation of electromagnet wave.

 The main applications are in radio broadcasting, microwaves and

satellites transmission systems.

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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

• Loses in medium of transmission

• However, each medium introduces losses termed as attenuation, distortion and

adds noise to some degree to the transmitted signal. The amount of attenuation, distortion
and noise depends on the type of transmission medium used.

• There is normally no signal processing in the transmission medium, it is just the medium
where the transmitter is connected to the receiver.

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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• Receiver
• To extract the desired signal from the output
channel and to convert it to a form suitable for
the output transducer.
• Eg: Demodulation, decoding
Other functions performed:
• Amplification, filtering.

•Output Transducer
• Converts the electrical signal at its input into a
form desired by the system used.
• Eg: Loudspeaker, PC and tape-recorders.
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LOSSES IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
•Various unwanted undesirable effect crop up in transmissions

Attenuation
 Reduces signal strength at the receiver

Distortion
 Waveform perturbation caused by imperfect response of the system to the
desired signal itself
 Equalizer can be used to reduced the effect

Interference
 Contamination by extraneous signals from human sources

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LOSSES IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Noise
 Random and unpredictable electrical signals from internal or external to the
system
 The term SNR (signal to noise ratio) is used to measure performance (noise)
relative to an information analog signal
 The term BER (Bit Error Rate) is used in digital system to measure the
deterioration of the signal

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QUESTION?

• If I am using a Optical Fiber Cable as a Wired medium to transmit a voice signal then what is
the use of Transducer and Transmitter?
• Transducer –
• Transmitter -

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ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• It is Classified into Three Categories

1. Unidirectional / Bi-directional (Modes of Channel Operation)

2. Analog / Digital
3. Baseband / Modulation

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UNIDIRECTIONAL/BIDIRECTIONAL

• Simplex:
• Simplex is one direction of Communication, It requires only one line of communication.
• Simplex Channels are not often used in communication system because it is not possible to
send back error or control signals to the transmit end.
• Example: Tv or Radio

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UNIDIRECTIONAL/BIDIRECTIONAL
Half- Duplex:
• Two directions of Communication (can send and receive) but only one direction is allowed
through at a time.
• Only one end Transmits at a time, the other end receives.
Advantage:
• It has single lane and it is cheaper than Double lane (less connectors)
• Example: CB Radio, Walky - Talky

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UNIDIRECTIONAL/BIDIRECTIONAL
• Duplex:
• Two ways of communication with data can travel in both direction simultaneously. This is the
most common channel operation in communication system and networking.
• Example Mobile phone lines.

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ANALOG VS. DIGITAL
•The signal can be analog or digital message:
Analog
 Continuous Variation

 Assumes the total range of frequencies/time

 All information is transmitted.

Digital
 Takes samples
 non-continuous stream of on/off pulses
 Translates to 1s and 0s

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BASEBAND / MODULATED SIGNAL
 Baseband Signal
 Base band signal is the modulating signal/original information signal either in
a digital or analog form (intelligent/message) in communication system
 Example: voice signal (300Hz – 3400Hz)

 Transmission of original information whether analog or digital, directly into

transmission medium is called baseband transmission.

• Modulated Signal
 Modulated signal is baseband signal which its original frequency is shifted to
higher frequency to facilitate transmission purposes

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 BASEBAND TRANSMISSION
• The need of baseband transmission:

 The concepts and parameter of baseband transmission are used in

modulated transmission
 Performance of baseband transmission is used as the standard for
comparing modulation techniques

• Baseband signal is not suitable for long distance communication because:

 Hardware limitation (Eg: requires very long antenna)

 Interference with other waves

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MODULATION PROCESS

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WHAT IS MODULATION?
• Modulation:
 Process of changing baseband signals to facilitate the transmission
medium.
 Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier
signal in accordance with the instantaneous of message signal.
• Process of modulation
 Frequency translation such as AM, FM, PM etc
 Sampling and coding such as PAM, PCM etc
 Keying such as ASK, FSK etc

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MODULATION
• Types of modulation :

 Analogue modulations are frequency translation method caused by

changing the appropriate quantity in a carrier signal

 Digital modulation is the result of changing analogue signal into binary ones
by sampling and coding

 Keying modulations are digital signals subsequently modulated by the

frequency modulation by using one or other analogue method

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 Thank You

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