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The document discusses electrical circuit theory concepts including the Superposition Theorem, Thevenin's Theorem, and Norton's Theorem. The Superposition Theorem states that the current in any branch of a linear circuit with multiple sources is the sum of the currents from each source considered separately. Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems describe equivalent circuit representations for two-terminal linear circuits.

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5 views

Untitled Presentation2

The document discusses electrical circuit theory concepts including the Superposition Theorem, Thevenin's Theorem, and Norton's Theorem. The Superposition Theorem states that the current in any branch of a linear circuit with multiple sources is the sum of the currents from each source considered separately. Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems describe equivalent circuit representations for two-terminal linear circuits.

Uploaded by

mohamedabdelrazek1513
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRIC CIRCUITS THEORY

ELE 213
2021 – 2022 , FIRST SEMESTER
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
• In any network made up of linear impedances and
containing more than one source of e.m.f. the resultant
current flowing in any branch is the phasor sum of the
currents that would flow in that branch if each source were
considered separately, all other sources being replaced at
that time by their respective internal impedances
• The superposition theorem may be applied to both d.c. and a.c.
networks.
E2 = 3 V
E1 = 8 V

5Ω 2Ω
1Ω

I1 I3 I1 – I6 I3 – I4 I6 I4

E1 = 8 V
I2 I2 + I5 E2= 3 V I5 E2 = 3 V
E1 = 8 V

51 Ω 2Ω 51 Ω
Ω 2Ω 5Ω 2Ω
1Ω Ω
Example 7
Use the superposition theorem to obtain the current flowing in the
4+j3 Ω impedance in Fig.
Solution
- The network is redrawn with V2 removed, as shown in Fig.

- The total impedance is:


Example 7
- The currents I1 & I2 are:
Example 7
- The network is redrawn with V1 removed, as shown in Fig.

- The total impedance is:


Example 7
- The currents I3 & I4 are:
Example 7
- The two networks are superimposed
- The current in the 4+j3 Ω impedance is given by I2 - I4:
THEVENIN’S THEOREM
• A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by
an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage
source VTh in series with an impedance ZTh,
where VTh is the open-circuit voltage at the
terminals and ZTh is the equivalent impedance at
the terminals when the independent sources are
represented by internal impedances.
• The following four-step procedure can be adopted when
determining the current flowing in a branch containing
impedance ZL of an active network:
1) remove the impedance ZL from that branch;
2) determine the open-circuit voltage E across the
break;
3) remove each source of e.m.f. and replace it by
its internal impedance and then determine the
internal impedance, z, ‘looking in’ at the break;
4) determine the current from the Thevenin
equivalent circuit shown in Fig.
Example 8
Find the current flowing in the 6 + j8 Ω impedance using
Thevenin’s theorem for the circuit shown in Fig.
Solution
- The 6 + j8 Ω impedance is removed, as shown in Fig. a.

- The network is redrawn for convenience as shown in Fig. b.


Example 8
- To get the open circuit voltage across AB
Example 8
- To get the impedance z at terminals AB
Example 8
- Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig.
Example 9
For the network shown in Fig.
Determine the value of current I.
Each of the voltage sources has a frequency of 2 kHz
Solution
- The impedance through which current I is flowing is initially
removed from the network, as shown in Fig.
Example 9
- When the sources of e.m.f. are removed from the circuit, the
impedance, z at the break is given by

- Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig.


- Where, the inductive reactance is:
NORTON’S THEOREM
• A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by
an equivalent circuit consisting of a current
source IN in parallel with an impedance ZN,
where IN is the short-circuit current through the
terminals and ZN is the equivalent impedance at
the terminals when the independent sources are
represented by internal impedances.
• The following four-step procedure can be adopted when
determining the current flowing in a branch containing
impedance ZL of an active network:
1) short-circuit branch AB;
2) determine the short-circuit current ISC;
3) remove each source of e.m.f. and replace it
by its internal impedance and then
determine the internal impedance, z,
‘looking in’ at the break;
4) determine the current from the Norton
equivalent network shown in Fig.
Example 10
Use Norton’s theorem to determine the value of current I in the
circuit shown in Fig.
Solution
- The branch containing the 2.8 Ω resistor is
short-circuited, as shown in Fig.

- The 3 Ω resistor in parallel with a short-


circuit giving an equivalent impedance of 0.
- Hence the network reduces to that shown in
Fig. , where ISC = 5/2 = 2.5 A.
Example 10
- If the 5 V source is removed from the network the input
impedance, z, ‘looking-in’ at a break made in AB gives:

z = 2 x 3 / (2+3) = 1.2 Ω
Example 10
- Norton equivalent circuit is shown in Fig., where:

Isc = 2.5 A

z = 1.2
ZL = 2.8 – j 3 Ω
Example 11
Use Norton’s theorem to determine the magnitude of the voltage
across the 1 Ω resistance of the network shown in Fig.
Solution
- The branch containing the 1 Ω
resistor is short-circuited, as
shown in Fig.

- 4 Ω in parallel with -j2 Ω in


parallel with 0 Ω is equivalent
to 0, giving the equivalent
circuit shown in Fig.
- Hence ISC = 10/4 = 2.5 A.
Example 10
- The 10 V source is removed from the network as shown in Fig.

- The impedance z, ‘looking in’ at a break made in AB is given by:


Example 10
• Norton equivalent circuit is shown in Fig.

I = 2.5 x (1- j)/ (2 - j)


= 1.5 – j 0.5
= 1.58

• The voltage across the 1 Ω resistance is:


V1Ω = I R = 1.58

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