Science and Education Ministry of Azerbaijan Republic

Azerbaycan State Pedagogical University

Student:Nuray Abbaszadeh
Faculty: Chemistry and biology
Speciality: Biology teacher
Course:II
Group:Bio 2205
Subject:Practical and academic communication in a foreign language
Scientific leader: Khalilzade Shabnam
İndependent work:All about trees
 A tree is a tall plant that can live for a very long time. It has a single stem or trunk and branches that support
leaves. Beneath the ground, a tree has a root system that acts as an anchor and stores the water and nutrients the plant
needs to grow. One of the ways we distinguish trees from other plants is their thick and rigid ligneous tissues, which we
know as wood. And of course, different tree species are made up of different types of wood.
A mature tree has three basic parts: 1) roots, 2) crown, and 3) trunk or

bole. Although the structure of these parts may vary based on the

altitude and geographical position of the tree, each of them performs

distinct functions

Roots

Roots are the underground part of a tree. The primary root or taproots

grow horizontally downwards, with lateral roots arising from

the taproot. Each root is surrounded by many, tiny root hairs that

increase their area of absorption.

Functions

Anchoring the tree to the soil

Absorbing water and minerals from the soil

Storing of reserve food

Preventing soil erosion

 Crown
They are the topmost portion of a tree that may vary widely based on their shapes and sizes. The crown is made up of the following parts:

1) Leaves: Usually the green part of a plant that remains attached to the crown. Leaves are also known as the factories of a tree. A collection of green leaves is called

foliage

2) Branches: The first thick branches of a tree arising from the central wooden axis are called boughs while the smallest terminal branches of a tree are known as twigs.

3) Flowers: The most colorful and attractive part of the plant that remains attached to the terminal branches. It later develops into a fruit.

4) Fruit: The edible part of the plant that develops from the flowers. It contains the seed that gives rise to a new plant.

Functions
Leaves produce food for the plant
Leaves help to filter dust and other particles present in the air, thus keep the air
clean
Leaves keep the plant cool through the loss of water by evaporation
Twigs help to give rise to new plants
Boughs and branches store food materials in the form of sugar that are required by
the plant for their growth and metabolism
 Trunk or Bole

The trunk is the central wooden axis of the crown that is typically brownish. They contain a network of small tubes that runs between the roots and

the leaves, thus acting as the plumbing system in the plant. A typical tree trunk shows six parts:

 Outer bark: The outermost layer of the trunk, branches, and twigs of the tree. The bark of some plants has a characteristic odor and scent.

 Cambium: The thin layer of living tissues consisting of growing cells that are present just inside the bark. Every season they add a new layer to

its trunk, thus producing a visible annual growth ring in most trees

 Sapwood or xylem: The youngest layers of wood that are made up of a network of living cells. Over the years, the inner layers of sapwood die.

 Heartwood: The older and dead xylem cells found close to the center of the trunk and thus are usually darker than xylem. They are filled with

stored sugar, oils, and dyes.

 Pith: The tiny dark spot present at the center of the tree trunk that is highly protected from damage by wind, insects, and animals.

 Inner bark or phloem: The pipeline located between the outer bark and the cambium of the tree trunk.

Functions
Bark protects the delicate inside wood of the tree
Cambium helps in making new cells thus allowing the tree to grow in diameter
Outer bark and sapwood helps in supporting the crown and providing the tree its shape
Pith and sapwood conducts water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
Inner bark transports the foods prepared by the leaves to all parts of a plant
Outer bark and cambium provides mechanical strength to the plant
Benefits

Trees give off oxygen that we need to breathe. Trees reduce the amount of storm water runoff, which reduces
erosion and pollution in our waterways and may reduce the effects of flooding. Many species of wildlife depend
on trees for habitat. Trees provide food, protection, and homes for many birds and mammals
 1. Trees are the longest living organisms on Earth, and never die of old age.

California holds the record for the oldest living trees. Some of the state’s bristlecone pines and giant sequoias are 4,000-5,000
years old. Methuselah, an estimated 4,852-year-old ancient Bristlecone Pine, is one of the oldest living trees in the world.

2. Tree rings can predict climate change.

Dating a tree by studying its rings is called Dendrochronology. However, a tree’s rings don’t only reveal its age, they can also
indicate the occurrence of natural disasters such as a volcanic eruption or a drought event. In the years of good growth,
characterized by a healthy supply of resources, the ring is thick. It is thin when resources are scarce in the ecosystem. A study
by Somaru Ram from the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology showed that the increasing heat index and temperature in
Sikkim, India has had an adverse effect on tree growth due to high potential evapotranspiration—the rate at which plants lose
water through their leaves. Such studies help scientists understand the impact of climate change.
3. Planting trees can help reduce your energy costs.

Strategically planting trees and shrubs can save you up to 25 percent on your energy bills. A shade tree can help cool your home by as much as 20 degrees in the
summertime. Not only do they provide shade in the summer, but serve as a windbreak in the winter, too

4. Some trees have been to the moon.

“Moon trees'' were grown from seeds taken to the moon during the Apollo 14 mission in early 1971. NASA and the US Forest Service wanted to see if the moon’s
orbit caused the seeds to grow differently back on earth. These trees were donated to state forestry services in 1975 and 1976.

5. Trees are able to communicate and defend themselves against attacking insects.

Scientists have found that trees can flood their leaves with chemicals called phenolics when the insects begin their raid. They can also signal danger to other trees so
they can start their own defense. Willow trees, for example, emit certain chemicals when they’re attacked by webworms. Other willows then produce more tannin,
making their leaves harder for the pests to digest.

6. Trees block noise by reducing sound waves.

They reduce noise through a phenomenon called sound attenuation, which is the reduction of sound intensity. Leaves, twigs, and branches on trees, shrubs, and
herbaceous growth absorb and deflect sound waves to mask unwanted noise.
7. Trees can help to reduce stress.

Research suggests that being around trees is good for our mental and social well-being. A study conducted by the University of Illinois and the University of Hong Kong found that the

denser the forest, the lower the stress, which suggests that taking a walk down a tree-lined street could prove beneficial to your mental wellbeing. Research also suggests that nature

experiences help us to feel kinder toward others. This is partly because they release chemicals called phytoncides. When we breathe them in, it can reduce blood pressure, lower anxiety

levels, and increase pain threshold.

8. If a birdhouse is hung on a tree branch, it won’t move up the tree as the tree grows.

This is because trees grow from the top. Specialized cells in the ends of the tree shoots form areas called meristems. These meristems are the locations from which a tree grows taller and

limbs grow longer. Because trees grow from their most distal ends, it means that a branch will always be the same height as it was the day it emerged from the trunk as a little bud.

However, just because tree branches do not rise as a tree grows doesn’t mean they will always be there, many trees shed their lowest branches as they grow.