Chemistry 16.

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 16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions

The wood frog is a remarkable

creature because it can survive
being frozen. Scientists believe
that a substance in the cells of
this frog acts as a natural
antifreeze, which prevents the
cells from freezing. You will
discover how a solute can
change the freezing point of a
solution.

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 16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Vapor-Pressure Lowering

Vapor-Pressure Lowering

What are three colligative properties of

solutions?

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Vapor-Pressure Lowering

A property that depends only upon the

number of solute particles, and not upon their
identity, is called a colligative property.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Vapor-Pressure Lowering

Three important colligative properties of

solutions are
•vapor-pressure lowering
•boiling-point elevation
•freezing-point depression

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Vapor-Pressure Lowering

In a pure solvent, equilibrium is established

between the liquid and the vapor.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Vapor-Pressure Lowering

In a solution, solute particles reduce the

number of free solvent particles able to
escape the liquid. Equilibrium is established at
a lower vapor pressure.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Vapor-Pressure Lowering

The decrease in a solution’s vapor

pressure is proportional to the number of
particles the solute makes in solution.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Vapor-Pressure Lowering

Three moles of glucose dissolved in water

produce 3 mol of particles because glucose
does not dissociate.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Vapor-Pressure Lowering

Three moles of sodium chloride dissolved in

water produce 6 mol of particles because
each formula unit of NaCl dissociates into two
ions.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Vapor-Pressure Lowering

Three moles of calcium chloride dissolved in

water produce 9 mol of particles because
each formula unit of CaCl2 dissociates into
three ions.

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 16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Freezing-Point Depression

Freezing-Point Depression

What factor determines the amount by

which a solution’s vapor pressure,
freezing point, and boiling point differ
from those properties of the solvent?

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Freezing-Point Depression

The difference in temperature between the

freezing point of a solution and the freezing
point of the pure solvent is the freezing-point
depression.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Freezing-Point Depression

The magnitude of the freezing-point

depression is proportional to the number
of solute particles dissolved in the
solvent and does not depend upon their
identity.

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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Freezing-Point Depression

The freezing-point
depression of
aqueous solutions
makes walks and
driveways safer when
people sprinkle salt
on icy surfaces to
make ice melt. The
melted ice forms a
solution with a lower
freezing point than
that of pure water.
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 16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Boiling-Point Elevation

Boiling-Point Elevation

The difference in temperature between the

boiling point of a solution and the boiling point
of the pure solvent is the boiling-point
elevation.

The same antifreeze added to automobile

engines to prevent freeze-ups in winter,
protects the engine from boiling over in
summer.
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16.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions > Boiling-Point Elevation

The magnitude of the boiling-point

elevation is proportional to the
number of solute particles
dissolved in the solvent.

The boiling point of water increases

by 0.512°C for every mole of particles
that the solute forms when dissolved
in 1000 g of water.

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16.3 Section Quiz.

Assess students’ understanding

of the concepts in Section 16.3.

Continue to: Launch:

-or-
Section Quiz

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16.3 Section Quiz.

1. Which of the following is NOT a colligative

property of

a. vapor-pressure lowering

b. freezing-point depression

c. boiling-point elevation

d. solubility elevation

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16.3 Section Quiz.

2. Choose the correct word for the space: The

magnitude of each colligative property of
solutions is proportional to the __________
solute dissolved in the solution.

a. type of

b. number of particles of

c. molar volume of

d. particle size of the

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16.3 Section Quiz.

3. The decrease in vapor pressure when a solute

is added to a liquid is due to

a. attractive forces between solvent particles.

b. repulsion of the solute particles by the

solvent particles.

c. dissociation of the solvent particles.

d. attractive forces between solvent and solute

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16.3 Section Quiz.

4. You have 500 mL of 1M solutions of NaCl,

Na2SO4, Na3PO4, and Al2(SO4)3. Which
solution will have the highest boiling point?

¡ NaCl(aq)

¡ Na2SO4(aq)

¡ Na3PO4(aq)

¡ Al2(SO4)3(aq)
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END OF SHOW