Animal Transport

System
LESSON 2.2
 01

Introduction
Trixie Banal & Jennyvave Pagdalian
 Animal Transport System
Animals need a circulatory system to absorb nutrients,
exchange gases, and remove unwanted products. One-
celled organisms like protists (Amoeba) or bacteria, can
easily pass oxygen and other substances through their
body through simple diffusion or active transport. Waste
materials diffuse across the cell membrane and out to the
environment, making a self-sufficient amoeba do not
require a more organized transport system.
Animal Transport System
 Animal Transport System

Multicellular organisms like animals, plants, and

humans have many cells located far from the outside
environment.
These organisms require advanced transport systems
for oxygen, food, and waste removal.
Animals with thick, multiple cell layers require a
complex circulatory system for transport.
 Animal Transport System

Cnidarians, like Hydra, jellyfish, and flatworms

(Planaria), have two cell layers and are in direct contact
with the environment or their gastrovascular cavity.
Their central cavity serves for digestion and
distribution of substances.
In Planaria, movement helps stream fluid to the
central cavity, allowing easy diffusion into and out of
cells.
 Animals with higher metabolic rates have evolved
transport systems to perform specific tasks and distribute
products.
Two basic types of circulatory systems emerged: open
and closed.
Most invertebrates have an open circulatory system,
pumping fluid through open-ended vessels and
transporting among cells.
 Higher organisms have a closed circulatory system,
confined within blood vessels separated from interstitial
fluid.
Despite having closed circulatory systems, they differ
in efficiency, measured by the rate of substance transport.
Annelids, like earthworms, have the simplest closed
circulatory system, consisting of two main blood vessels
connected to aortic arches.
 Blood flows into smaller branching blood vessels
leading to internal organs and tissues, where material
exchange occurs.
Hydra: Gastrovascular cavity
Insect: open circulation
Insect: open circulation
 Blood travels through these chambers and is pumped
out through a ventral cavity into gills for respiratory gas
exchange.
Oxygenated blood then travels to the dorsal artery for
delivery around the body.
Amphibians have a three-chambered heart with one
ventricle and two atria.
 The right atrium receives blood from systemic
circulation.
The ventricle pumps blood to capillary beds in the
lungs and skin, also known as the pulmocutaneous
circuit.
 The right atrium receives blood from systemic
circulation.
The ventricle pumps blood to capillary beds in the
lungs and skin, also known as the pulmocutaneous
circuit.
Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium.
Oxygen-poor blood is diverted to the pulmocutaneous
circuit, oxygen-rich blood to the systemic circuit.
Amphibian circulation is sometimes referred to as
incomplete double circulation.
 Active birds and mammals have four-chamber hearts
with two atria and two ventricles.
The right side of the heart handles oxygen-poor blood,
while the left side receives oxygen-rich blood.
Blood is pumped into the aorta, the largest blood
vessel, forming the closed double circulatory system.
 Mammalian Circulatory System

The closed circulatory system, also known as the

cardiovascular system, in humans consists of the heart,
blood vessels, and lymphatic systems. Its primary function
is to transport oxygen and nutrients to all cells and remove
waste from them. The system also performs other essential
tasks, such as removing carbon dioxide and other wastes
from cells. The four-chambered heart and blood vessels
transport blood throughout the body.
 The circulatory system has three principal functions:

Transportation - transports three types of substances

essential for cellular metabolism in the following forms:
respiratory (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutritive
(nutrients in the form of food molecules), and excretory
(metabolic wastes such as excess water and ions).
Regulation - transports hormones and participates in
heat regulation.
 Protection — protects our body from injury during
blood clotting and plays a role in the immune defense
against toxins and pathogenic organisms.
 Human Heart

The human heart, a muscular organ located behind the

rib cage and between the lungs, pumps blood throughout
the circulatory system. It has two pumps, one on the left
side for oxygen and the other on the right side for the
entire body. The heart's four chambers and a septum
prevent blood from flowing between the atria or
ventricles.
Human Heart
 Oxygen-poor blood flows to the right atrium, which
receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava,
inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus. This deoxygenated
blood then flows to the right ventricle via the
atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve), preventing
backflow. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs
for reoxygenation, where oxygen is absorbed.
 The oxygen-rich blood then flows back into the heart
via the left atrium, passing through the bicuspid valve and
the aorta. This process, known as double circulation,
circulates blood throughout the body in a perfect thythm.
 The Blood

Blood is a fluid that

transports oxygen and
nutrients to the body's cells,
carrying waste materials and
hormones. It also contains
cells that fight disease-causing
microorganisms and produce
antibodies.
 The movement of materials between blood and cells
occurs through diffusion. Blood is a complex tissue
composed of plasma and blood cells, with about 55% being
plasma and 8% being a mixture of substances. The blood's
appearance may resemble a red fluid, but it is actually a
complex tissue.
 Red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets
are the three main cellular
components in blood
plasma. Red blood cells,
which make up 44% of the
blood, transport oxygen
and carbon dioxide
throughout the body.
 Adult males have about 5.5 million red blood cells per
mililiter of blood, while females have about 4.5 million.
Red blood cells have an iron-containing protein called
hemoglobin that binds chemically to oxygen molecules,
turning the blood red. Blood without oxygen is dark red.
Mature red cells cannot reproduce or repair themselves and
live for 120 days, shuttling oxygen and carbon dioxide.
When worn out, they are destroyed in the spleen and liver.
 WBCs, also known as
leukocytes, are colorless, larger
than red blood cells, and fewer in
number.
They are irregular in shape
and contain a nucleus.
WBCs develop in bone
marrow and mature in lymph
organs and nodes.
 Their primary function is to protect the body from
diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and foreign
substances.
Different types of WBCs have specialized functions,
including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes,
and lymphocytes.
 Platelets or thrombocytes form
when blood oozes during injury,
preventing excessive blood loss.
Thrombocytes are fragments of
cytoplasm from megakaryocytes,
not true cells.
When a blood vessel is
damaged, fibrin forms, trapping
platelets, which form a clot and seal
the wound.
 Blood is carried throughout
the body by a vast network of
blood vessels, like a series of
pipelines delivering water
from the water station to
homes.
Blood Vessels
 Blood Vessels

Arteries:
• Move blood away from the heart, connected to major
arteries.
• Thick, elastic wall with three layers of tissue.
• Pulsating rhythm felt when touched.
 Arterioles:
• Smaller, microscopically sized branches of arterial
trees.
• Lead to capillaries, narrow, thin-walled tubes.
• Allows diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
materials.
 Most capillaries are one cell thick, allowing oxygen
and nutrients to diffuse through and into body cells, while
carbon dioxide and waste materials diffuse through cell
walls.
Veins, on the other hand, move blood-carrying waste
products toward the heart. They have one-way valves to
prevent backflow and maintain flow in one direction. Veins
have three layers of tissue, with a muscle in the middle part,
and are responsible for preventing the backflow of blood.
The pulsating rhythm of an artery can be felt when touched.
 Venules:
• Smaller blood vessels that lead to larger veins.
• Carry waste products toward the heart.
• Have one-way valves to prevent backflow.
• Have three layers of tissue, with a muscle in the
middle part.
 Blood Circulation

• Heart acts as a double pump, pumping blood

throughout the body.
• Divided into pulmonary and systemic circulations.
• Pulmonary circulation pumps blood from heart to
lungs and back, carrying oxygen-poor blood to lungs for
oxygen extraction and return to heart.
• Systemic circulation transports oxygen-rich blood to
organ cells, returning oxygen-poor blood to heart.
 Blood Flow Pattern in the Body

• Blood flow follows a figure eight pattern, with the

heart at the center of two circulation loops.
• Pulmonary circulation oxygenates oxygen-depleted
blood from the heart to the lungs.
• Blood enters the heart and travels to the rest of the
body through the atria, left and right ventricles, and three
valves (bicuspid, tricuspid, semilunar).
 The pulmonary circulation consists of the following
steps: when the (1) right ventricle contracts, the blood is
forced through (2) the two pulmonary arteries and into the
lungs. Gas exchange happens in the (3) capillaries of the
lungs where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is
released to be exhaled. During inhalation, the blood is
replenished and becomes rich with fresh oxygen (becomes
bright red), which flows into the (4) pulmonary veins and
into the (5) left atrium. Contraction of the left atrium forces
the blood into the (6) left ventricle.
 The second loop (systemic circulation) carries oxygen-
rich blood from the heart to organs and tissues. This moves
blood from the heart to all of the body’s organs and tissues,
except for the heart and lungs, and back to the heart again.
 The sequence of steps in systemic circulation is as
follows.
(7) As the left ventricle contracts, oxygen-rich blood is
forced into the aorta, the largest artery of the body. The
aorta carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to
smaller arteries from where it flows to all of the (😎 body’s
organs and tissues. The blood, having given up its oxygen
and taken in carbon dioxide from the body’s organs and
tissues, returns to the heart through the veins.
 (9) Blood from the head and neck returns to the heart
through the superior vena cava. Blood from the abdomen
and the lower parts of the body returns through the inferior
vena cava. After delivering oxygen to tissues and absorbing
wastes, such as carbon dioxide, the systemic circulation
returns deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood to the heart,
specifically to the (10) right atrium. As the right atrium
contracts, the blood is forced into the right ventricle and the
process begins again.
Plant Transport System

LESSON 2.2
 In the 17th century, Italian
scientist Marcello Malpighi
discovered a sweet-tasting
fluid in a tree trunk, indicating
that plants transport water and
nutrients throughout their
body through a transport
system of vessels.
 Flowering plants have two types of vascular tissues:
xylem and phloem, which function as a plumbing system
for transporting materials throughout the plant's body.
 The Xylem tissue in plants
serves two purposes: to transport
water and dissolved minerals
from roots to stems and leaves,
and to provide mechanical
support. It includes tracheid cells
in all vascular plants, vesels in
flowering plants, and vessel
members in some plants.
● Plant roots anchor firmly on the ground and absorb
water and minerals from the soil.
• Roots absorb water molecules and dissolve soil
minerals.
• Root hairs extend from roots and into soil spaces,
enhancing water absorption.
• Root hairs have an increased surface area, enhancing
water and mineral salt absorption.
 • Water enters roots by diffusion, with some entering by
bulk.
• Xylem tissue carries water minerals into leaf veins,
evaporating about 99% of water through transpiration.
• Animal movement aids blood transport against gravity,
with pumps and valves for blood transport.
• Plants lack these structures, causing water movement
from roots to leaves.
 Three theories explain the water
transport mechanism among plants:

a. Root pressure- involves cells

pumping water or ions into the xylem
tissue, creating pressure that forces water
upward. This process is known as guttation
and is observed in short plants where
leaves are close to the source of pressure.
 b. Capillary action- uses water's
adhesion property to draw or stick
another substance into it. In plants,
water rises in the stem when in contact
with another surface through xylem
tubes. This is demonstrated in an
experiment where a pale celery plant
takes on a reddish dye mixed with
water, causing the xylem tubes to move
the dye towards the upper parts of the
plant.
 c. Cohesion tension- involves water being pulled up
through a plant as it evaporates from the leaves. This
process occurs when water molecules in the xylem pull on
water molecules that have been lost, allowing water to
continue moving upward as transpiration occurs.
 Minerals, like water, are transported through xylem
tissue, but their absorption differs from water's osmosis
mechanism. Minerals exist as ions in soil, dissolved in
water. They are taken into roots through active transport,
incorporated into other compounds, and then moved up by
xylem vessels with water. Although absorption and water
take separate pathways, they are not entirely
interdependent, as minerals must dissolve with water before
being taken up by the plant.
 Phloem tissue in plants transports
manufactured food and hormones from
green parts, particularly leaves, to
other parts. It consists of sieve tubes
and companion cells, with living
cytoplasm and porous cell walls
allowing material exchange between
neighboring cells. This process is
called translocation.
 The stem in plants houses vascular tissue, transporting
substances between roots and leaves. It contains vascular
bundles of xylem and phloem, which differ in monocot
and dicot plants. Monocot stems have scattered bundles,
while dicot stems have ring-arranged bundles.
 Trees and shrubs like narra and roses have woody
stems with a central pith core and vascular bundles. As
they mature, they fuse into solid cylinders with layers of
xylem. Heartwood, the center of a mature stem or tree
trunk, functions as a support, while sapwood, outside the
heartwood, contains vessel cells that can conduct water.
 Phloem transports materials within plants, requiring
living cells and the ability to move in multiple directions.
Factors like oxygen deficiency and low temperatures can
affect efficiency. The mass-flow theory, which combines
osmosis and dynamic pressure, is the most accepted
explanation. Sucrose, produced in leaves through
photosynthesis, enters phloem tissue through the leaf,
increasing its concentration and pressure.
 Other tissues in the stem and root move sucrose,
causing water to move out via osmosis, reducing pressure
in the phloem. This pressure gradient triggers direction
flow, from the leaf to the root system for storage or
immediate use.