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Facts

Series compensation uses capacitors connected in series with transmission lines to improve performance by decreasing overall impedance. Objectives include increasing power transfer, voltage stability, and transient stability. Types of series compensators discussed include thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), which can continuously vary the capacitive reactance through thyristor or voltage source control.

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Ninad Chaudhary
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34 views51 pages

Facts

Series compensation uses capacitors connected in series with transmission lines to improve performance by decreasing overall impedance. Objectives include increasing power transfer, voltage stability, and transient stability. Types of series compensators discussed include thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), which can continuously vary the capacitive reactance through thyristor or voltage source control.

Uploaded by

Ninad Chaudhary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Series Compensation

Series compensation is basically a powerful


tool to improve the performance of EHV
lines.

It consists of capacitors connected in series


with the line at suitable locations.
OBJECTIVES OF SERIES COMPENSATION

The basic idea behind series capacitive


compensation is to decrease the overall
effective series transmission impedance
from the sending end to the receiving end,

i.e., X in the P : (V 2 / X) Sin ȿ

relationship characterizing the power


transmission over a single line.
Vs=Vr=V
The transmittable power rapidly increases with the degree of series

compensation k . Similarly, the reactive power supplied by the series capacitor

also increases sharply with k and varies with angle ȿ in a similar manner as

the line reactive power.


VOLTAGE STABILITY:
Series capacitive compensation can also be used to reduce the series
reactive impedance to minimize the receiving-end voltage variation and
the possibility of voltage collapse.

Clearly, both shunt and series capacitive compensation can


effectively increase the voltage stability limit. Shunt compensation
does it by supplying the reactive load demand and regulating the
terminal voltage. Series capacitive compensation does it.
IMPROVEMENT OF TRANSIENT STABILITY:

The powerful capability of series line compensation is to control the


transmitted power can be utilized much more effectively to increase the
transient stability limit and to provide power oscillation damping. The equal
area criterion, to investigate the capability of the ideal shunt compensator to
improve the transient stability, is used again here to assess the relative
increase of the transient stability margin attainable by series capacitive
compensation.
POWER OSCILLATION DAMPING:

Controlled series compensation can be applied effectively to damp power oscillations,


for power oscillation damping it is necessary to vary the applied compensation so as to
counteract the accelerating and decelerating swings of the disturbed machine(s). That is,
when the rotationally oscillating generator accelerates and angle δ increases (dδ/dt > 0),
the electric power transmitted must be increased to compensate for the excess
mechanical input power. Conversely, when the generator decelerates and angle δ
decreases (dδ/dt < 0), the electric power must be decreased to balance the insufficient
mechanical input power.
Types of Series Compensators
A capacitor is inserted by turning
off Thyristor Valve

And It is bypassed by turning on


the corresponding thyristor valve.
Basic VI characteristic with is series connected components are as
follows:

In voltage control mode, capacitive banks are progressively by passed by the thyristor
valves to reduce the overall capacitive reactance in a step like manner, as the current
is increased from Imin to Imax. Thus it maintains a compensating voltage with increased
line current.

In Impedance compensation mode, TSSC is applied to maintain the maximum rated


compensating reactance at any line current upto the rated maximum. In practice,
TSSC is operated with a current limiting reactor in series.
Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor
(TCSC)
It consists of the series compensating capacitor shunted by a TCR.
In a practical TCSC implementation, several such basic compensators may be
connected in series to obtain the desired voltage rating and operating
characteristics. This arrangement is similar in structure to the TSSC and, if the
impedance of the reactor, XL, is sufficiently smaller than that of the capacitor, XC,
it can be operated in an on/off manner like the TSSC.

Basic TCSC Scheme


The TCSC concept is that capacitor is inserted directly
in series with the transmission line and the thyristor
controlled inductor is mounted directly in parallel
with the capacitor.
Thus no interfacing equipment like high voltage
transformer is required.
So TCSC is more economic than some other challenging
FACTS technologies.
TCSC plays vital roles in the operation and control of
power systems such as
1. Enhancing power flow
2. limiting fault current
3. Enhancing transient
4. Dynamic stability

Uses of TCSC
•Increases power transmission capability
•Improves system stability
•Reduces system losses
• Improves voltage profile of the lines
Operating modes of TCSC

1. Blocking mode
2. Bypass mode
3. Capacitive boost mode(Capacitive Vernier mode)
4. Inductive boost mode(Inductive vernier mode)
• However, the basic idea behind the TCSC scheme is to provide
a continuously variable capacitor by means of partially
canceling the effective compensating capacitance by the
TCR.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TCSC:
Below Figure shows the characteristics of TCSC. α is the delay angle measured from the crest of the
capacitor voltage or equivalently, the zero crossing of the line current. Therefore, with the usual TCSC
arrangement in which the impedance of the TCR reactor X L is smaller than that of the capacitor, X C,
the TCSC has two operating ranges around its internal circuit resonance.
CONTROL SCHEMES of TCSC
Advantages of TCSC
• Increase power transmission capability
•Improve system stability
•Reduce system losses
•Improve voltage profile of the lines
•Optimize power flow between parallel lines
•Damping of the power swings from local and inter area
oscillations

Application of TCSC
• Accurately regulating the power flow on a transmission line
•Damping inter area power oscillations
•Mitigating sub-synchronous resonance (SSR)
•Improving transient stability
Static Synchronous Series Compensator
(SSSC)
 The SSSC is one of the most recent FACTS devices for power transmission
series compensation. It can be considered as a synchronous voltage source as
it can inject an almost sinusoidal voltage of variable and controllable
amplitude and phase angle, in series with a transmission line. The injected
voltage is almost in quadrature with the line current. A small part of the
injected voltage that is in phase with the line current provides the losses in the
inverter.
 Most of the injected voltage, which is in quadrature with the line current,
provides the effect of inserting an inductive or capacitive reactance in series
with the transmission line. The variable reactance influences the electric
power flow in the transmission line.
Voltage sourced converter based series compensator is called static synchronous
series compensator (SSSC)

Basic Operating Principle:

It can be explained with reference to conventional series capacitive


compensator.

SSSC can provide capacitive or inductive compensatory voltage independent of


the line current upto its specified current rating in voltage control mode.

In reactance control mode, SSSC is established to maintain the maximum rated


capacitive or compensating reactance at any line current upto rated maximum.
The basic configuration of a SSSC is shown in Fig.
Basic two-machine system with a series capacitor compensated line and
associated phasor diagram.
With synchronous voltage source replacing the series capacitor
SSSC (a)WITH OUT STORAGE and (b)WITH STORAGE
• A Static Synchronous Series Compensator operated without an external

energy source as Reactive Power with output voltage is in quadrature with

and fully controllable independently of the transmission line current for

the purpose of increasing or decreasing the overall reactive voltage drop

across the transmission line and thereby controlling the electric power flow.

• The SSSC FACTS device can provide either capacitive or inductive injected

voltage compensation.

• If SSSC-AC injected voltage (Vs), lags the line current I L by 90º, a capacitive

series voltage compensation is obtained in the transmission line and

• If leads IL by 90º, an inductive series compensation is achieved.


Theory of the SSSC

• Figure shows a single line diagram of a simple Transmission


line with an inductive transmission reactance, XL, connecting a
sending end voltage source, and a receiving end voltage source,
respectively.
• The expression of power flow is given by
Where Xeff is the effective total transmission line
reactance between its sending and Receiving
power system ends, including the equivalent
“variable reactance” inserted by the equivalent
injected voltage (Vs) (Buck or Boost) by the
SSSC-FACTS Compensator.
Transmitted Power Versus Transmission Angle Characteristic
Transmitted Power vs. Transmission angle attainable with series capacitive
compensation as a parametric function of the degree of series compensation
SSSC provides bidirectional Power flow Compensation
EXTERNAL (SYSTEM) CONTROL
Comparison of V-I Characteristics of Series Compensators

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