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Boundary Layer Analysis

This document outlines methods for analyzing boundary layer flows over airfoils, including: 1) Thwaites' method for computing laminar boundary layers numerically using an empirical relationship between velocity derivatives. 2) Michel's criterion for predicting transition from laminar to turbulent flow. 3) Head's method for solving the turbulent boundary layer equations using empirical closure relationships to march from transition to the trailing edge.

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260 views17 pages

Boundary Layer Analysis

This document outlines methods for analyzing boundary layer flows over airfoils, including: 1) Thwaites' method for computing laminar boundary layers numerically using an empirical relationship between velocity derivatives. 2) Michel's criterion for predicting transition from laminar to turbulent flow. 3) Head's method for solving the turbulent boundary layer equations using empirical closure relationships to march from transition to the trailing edge.

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caltech
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Boundary Layer Analyses

AE 3903/4903 Airfoil Design


L. Sankar
School of Aerospace Engineering
Outline
Thwaites Method for Computing Laminar
Boundary Layers
Michels Transition Criterion
Heads method for Turbulent Flow
Squire-Young Formula for Drag Prediction
See http://www.ae.gatech.edu/~lsankar/AE2020 for
background material.
Thwaites method I
This is an empirical method based on the observation
that most laminar boundary layers obey the following
relationship.
Ref: Thawites, B., Incompressible Aerodynamics,
Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1960:

u
e
v
d
dx
u
2
( )
= A B
u
2
v
du
e
dx

Thwaites recommends A = 0.45 and
B = 6 as the best empirical fit.
Thwaites Method II
The above equation may be analytically integrated
yielding

dx u
u x u
x u
x dx u
u
x
x
e
e e
e
x
x
e
e
} }
= =
=
(

=
= + =
0
5
6 6
6
2
0
5
6
2
45 . 0
) (
) 0 (
) 0 (
45 . 0 v
u
v
u
For blunt bodies such as airfoils, the edge velocity u
e

is zero at x=0, the stagnation point. For sharp nosed
geometries such as a flat plate, the momentum thickness u
is zero at the leading edge. Thus, the term in the square
bracket always vanishes.
The integral may be evaluated, at least numerically,
when u
e
is known.
Thwaites method III
After u is found, the following relations are used to compute
the shape factor H.

For 0 s s 0.1
H = 2. 61 3. 75 + 5.24
2
For 0.1s s 0
H = 2. 472 +
0.0147
0.107+
where,
=
u
2
v
du
e
dx
Thwaites method IV
( )
2
62 . 0
2
1
09 . 0
e
w
f
e
w
u
C
u

t
=
+ =
After u is found, we can also find skin friction coefficient
from the following empirical curve fits:

MATLAB Code from PABLO
%--------Laminar boundary layer

lsep = 0; trans=0; endofsurf=0;
theta(1) = sqrt(0.075/(Re*dueds(1)));
i = 1;
while lsep ==0 & trans ==0 & endofsurf ==0
lambda = theta(i).^2*dueds(i)*Re;
% test for laminar separation
if lambda < -0.09
lsep = 1; itrans = i;
break;
end;
H(i) = fH(lambda); L = fL(lambda); cf(i) = 2*L./(Re*theta(i));
if i>1, cf(i) = cf(i)./ue(i); end;
i = i+1;
% test for end of surface
if i> n endofsurf = 1; itrans = n; break; end;
K = 0.45/Re; xm = (s(i)+s(i-1))/2; dx = (s(i)-s(i-1)); coeff = sqrt(3/5);
f1 = ppval(spues,xm-coeff*dx/2); f1 = f1^5; f2 = ppval(spues,xm); f2 = f2^5;
f3 = ppval(spues,xm+coeff*dx/2); f3 = f3^5; dth2ue6 = K*dx/18*(5*f1+8*f2+5*f3);
theta(i) = sqrt((theta(i-1).^2*ue(i-1).^6 + dth2ue6)./ue(i).^6);
% test for transition
rex = Re*s(i)*ue(i); ret = Re*theta(i)*ue(i); retmax = 1.174*(rex^0.46+22400*rex^(-0.54));
if ret>retmax
trans = 1; itrans = i;
end;
end;
Reationship between and H
function H = fH(lambda);

if lambda < 0

if lambda==-0.14
lambda=-0.139;
end;

H = 2.088 + 0.0731./(lambda+0.14);

elseif lambda >= 0

H = 2.61 - 3.75*lambda + 5.24*lambda.^2;

end;
Skin Friction
function L = fL(lambda);

if lambda < 0

if lambda==-0.107
lambda=-0.106;
end;

L = 0.22 + 1.402*lambda +(0.018*lambda)./(lambda+0.107);

elseif lambda >= 0

L = 0.22 + 1.57*lambda - 1.8*lambda.^2;

end;
H(i) = fH(lambda); L = fL(lambda); cf(i) = 2*L./(Re*theta(i));
We invoke (or call this function) at each i-location as follows:
Transition prediction
A number of methods are available for
predicting transition.
Examples:
Epplers method
Michels method
Wind turbine designers and laminar airfoil
designers tend to use Epplers method
Aircraft designers tend to use Michels
method.
Michels Method for
Transition Prediction
% test for transition
rex = Re*s(i)*ue(i); ret = Re*theta(i)*ue(i);
retmax = 1.174*(rex^0.46+22400*rex^(-0.54));
if ret>retmax
trans = 1; itrans = i;
end;
| |
54 . 0 46 . 0
Re 22400 Re 174 . 1 Re
when occurs Transition
Re
Re

+ >
=
=
x x
e
e
x
u
x u
u
u
v
u
v
Turbulent Flow
A number of CFD methods, and integral
boundary layer methods exist.
The most popular of these is Heads
method.
This method is used in a number of
computer codes, including PABLO.

Heads Method
( )
d
dx U
H
dU
dx
c
f
u u
+ + = 2
2
Von Karman Momentum Integral Equation:
A new shape parameter H
1
:
u
o o
*
1

H
Evolution of H
1
along the boundary layer:
( ) ( )
1
0 0306 3
1 1
0 6169
U
d
dx
U H H u =

.
.
These two ODEs are solved by marching from transition location to trailing edge.
Empirical Closure Relations
( )
( )
064 . 3
1
287 . 1
1
6778 . 0 5501 . 1 3 . 3
1 . 1 8234 . 0 3 . 3
1.6 H If

+ =
+ =
s
H H
else
H H
( )
268 . 0
678 . 0
Re 10 246 . 0

=
u
H
f
C
Ludwig-Tillman relationship:
Turbulent separation occurs when H1 = 3.3
Coding Closure Relations in
Heads Method
function y=H1ofH(H);

if H <1.1
y = 16;
else
if H <= 1.6
y = 3.3 + 0.8234*(H-1.1).^(-1.287);
else
y = 3.3 + 1.5501*(H-0.6778).^(-3.064);
end;
end;
function H=HofH1(H1);

if H1 <= 3.32
H = 3;
elseif H1 < 5.3
H = 0.6778 + 1.1536*(H1-
3.3).^(-0.326);
else
H = 1.1 + 0.86*(H1-3.3).^(-
0.777);
end
function cf = cfturb(rtheta,H);

cf = 0.246*(10.^(-0.678*H))*rtheta.^(-0.268);
Drag Prediction
Squire-Young Formula
2
5
,
,
, ,
,
2
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
upper ge TrailingEd
H
ge TrailingEd E ge TrailingEd
upper d
lower d upper d d
V
U
c
C
C C C
u

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