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Chapter 2

The document discusses different types of faults that can occur in a power system, including symmetrical, unsymmetrical, single line-to-ground, line-to-line, and double line-to-ground faults. It explains how symmetrical components can be used to analyze unbalanced faults using Fortescue's theorem by resolving the system into three balanced components.

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15 views44 pages

Chapter 2

The document discusses different types of faults that can occur in a power system, including symmetrical, unsymmetrical, single line-to-ground, line-to-line, and double line-to-ground faults. It explains how symmetrical components can be used to analyze unbalanced faults using Fortescue's theorem by resolving the system into three balanced components.

Uploaded by

mesfin snow
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter-2

Fault analysis
By. ELias.
• What is fault in power system?
• A fault is any abnormal condition in a power system. The
steady state operating mode of a power system is
balanced 3-phase a.c. .However, due to sudden external or
internal changes in the system, this condition is disrupted.
• CAUSES OF POWER SYSTEM FAULTS
 Lightning
 Heavy winds
 Trees falling across lines ·
 Vehicles colliding with towers or poles ·
 Birds shorting lines ·
 Aircraft colliding with lines ·
 Small animals entering switchgear ·
 Line breaks due to excessive loading
• Need for fault analysis
To determine the magnitude of fault current
throughout the power system after fault occurs.
To select the ratings for fuses, breakers and switchgear.
 To check the MVA ratings of the existing circuit
breakers when new generators are added into a system.
Effects of faults on power system
• Flow of excessive current
• Abnormal voltages
• Voltage elevation of system neutral
• Induce over voltages on neighbouring equipment's .
• Hazards to human, equipment and animals.
Faults that occurs in transmission lines are broadly classified as

Symmetrical faults
Unsymmetrical faults
Symmetrical faults Unsymmetrical faults

Balanced three phase L-G


fault
L-L

LLG
Symmetrical fault affects the three phases equally. Hence fault
current calculation is done for one phase.
Network Fault Analysis Simplifications
To simplify analysis of fault currents in networks we'll make several
simplifications:
1. Transmission lines are represented by their series reactance
2. Transformers are represented by their leakage reactance's
3. Synchronous machines are modeled as a constant voltage behind
direct-axis sub transient reactance
4. Induction motors are ignored or treated as synchronous machines
5. Other loads are ignored
Assumptions made in fault calculations are
1. The emfs of all generators are 1 0 o.
2. Shunt elements in the transformer model are neglected.
3.Shunt capacitances of the transmission line are neglected.
4.System resistance is neglected.
• Balanced 3ph faults
 This type of fault occurs infrequently, as for example,
when a line, which has been made safe for
maintenance by clamping all the three phases to
earth, is accidentally made alive or when, due to
slow fault clearance, an earth fault spreads across to
the other two phases or when a mechanical
excavator cuts quickly through a whole cable.
 The circuit breaker rated MVA breaking capacity is
based on 3- phase fault MVA. Since circuit breakers
are manufactured in preferred standard sizes e.g.
250, 500, 750 MVA high precision is not necessary
when calculating the 3- phase fault level at a point in
Analyzing unbalanced system using Fortescue’s Theorem
– Unbalanced faults in power systems require a
phase by phase solution method or other
techniques.
– One of the most useful techniques to deal with
unbalanced networks is the “symmetrical
component” method, developed in 1918 by C.L.
Fortescue.
4.1 Symmetrical Components
•Reasons for use of symmetrical components:
– Unbalanced systems are difficult to handle
• -> several independent balanced systems are
easier to handle than one unbalanced system.

– Transformation of one unbalanced 3-phase system into


3 balanced 3-phase systems.
•
Analyzing unbalanced system using Fortescue’s Theorem

Any three unbalanced set of voltages or currents can be


resolved into three balanced systems of voltages or currents,
referred to as the system symmetrical components, defined as
follows:
Positive Sequence components: three phasors of equal magnitude
displaced 120 degrees from each other following the positive
sequence
Negative Sequence components: three phasors of equal magnitude
displaced 120 degrees of each other following the negative sequence
Zero Sequence components: three parallel phasors having equal
magnitude and angle
For a 3-ph system: 3 unbalanced phasors can be resolved into 3
balanced systems of 3 phasors each.
 Let Va, Vb, Vc be the Phase voltages
 According to Fortescue, these can be transformed
into
1. Positive-seq. voltages: Va1, Vb1, Vc1
2. Negative-seq. voltages: Va2, Vb2, Vc2
3. zero-sequence voltages: Va0, Vb0, Vc0
Thus, Va = Va1 + Va2 + Va0
Vb = Vb1 + Vb2 + Vb0
Vc = Vc1 + Vc2 + Vc0
Vc1

Va1
Va2
Va1 Va0
Vb1
Vc Va

Vb
Vb2

Va2

Vc2

Va0 Vb0 Vc0


The ‘a’ operator
a = 11200 = -0.5 + j 0.866
a = |1| rotates by 1200
a2 = 1 2400 = -0.5 – j 0.866
a3 = 1 3600 = 1 00 = 1 + j 0 a -a2

1 + a + a2 = 0 -1 1

a2 -a
From previous figures
Vb1 = a2Va1 Vc1 = a Va1
Vb2 = a Va2 Vc2 = a2 Va2
Vb0 = Va0 Vc0 = Va0
sub. in Eq. we get:
Thus, Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
• Vb = Va0 + a2Va1 + a Va2
• Vc = Va0 + a Va1 + a2Va2
Matrix Relations
Let va   v a0  1 1 1
Vp =  vb  ; Vs =  v a1  ; A = 1 a 2 a 
 vc   v a2  1 a a 2 

1 1 1 
and inverse of A is
A-1 = 31 1 a a 2 
1 a2 a 
Matrix Relations

va  1 1 1  va 0 
v   1 a 2 a  v 
 b   a1 
 vc  1 a a 
2
va 2 

Similarly currents can be obtained using


their symmetrical components
Matrix Relations
Vp = A Vs; Vs = A-1Vp

Va0 = 1/3 (Va + Vb + Vc)


Va1 = 1/3 (Va + aVb + a2Vc)
Va2 = 1/3 (Va + a2Vb + aVc)
Matrix Relations

 va 0  1 1 1 va 
v   1  2 v 
 a1  3 1 a a   b
va 2  1 a 2
a   vc 
Zero Sequence Network of Transformer
Types of unsymmetrical faults

1.Single line to ground fault (SLG)


2. Line to Line fault (LL)
3.Double Line to Ground fault (DLG)
4.2 Single Line to Ground Fault

The most common type of fault is the single line to


ground fault.
The single line to ground fault occurs when one
conductor falls to ground or contacts the neutral
conductor.
Suppose that phase ‘a’ is connected to ground at the
fault point ‘F’.
The fault impedance is Zf. By covention, fault current is
taken as +ve when directed out of the fault point.
Since only phase ‘a’ is connected to ground at the fault,
phase ‘b’ and ‘c’ are open circuited and carry no current.
i.e., Ib = 0, Ic =0
At ‘F’, Va =Zf.Ia
The sequence of current at the fault is
Ia0 = Ia/3
Ia1 = Ia/3
Ia2 = Ia/3
Thus Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia/3 ---------- (1)
So Va= Ia.Zf = 3 Ia1.Zf
Therefore Ia1 = Va/ 3 Zf
= (Va0 + Va1 +Va2)/3 Zf ------(2)
Equns.(1) & (2) must be simultaneously satisfied.
These conditions can be met by connecting the
sequence network as shown in the fig.
The sequence component connection for the single line
to ground fault:
The sequence component connection for the single line to
ground fault:
The sequence components are connected in series.
The three currents in the case of SLG fault are equal.
From the equivalent circuit
Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 = E / (Z1 + Z2 + Z0 +3 Zf)
and
Ia= Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2 = 3 . E/ (Z1 + Z2 + Z0 +3 Zf)
Va1 = E – Ia1.Z1
Va2 = - Ia2.Z2
Connection of sequence networks for Single
Line to Ground Fault
4.3 Line to Line Fault
Fig.
Fig. shows a line to line fault through a fault impedance.
The terminal conditions are
Ia = 0 -------------(1)
Ib = -Ic -------------(2)
Vb = Vc + Zf .Ib -------------(3)
The sequence currents at the fault point are
From the above equation,
Ia0 = 0
Ia1 = (1/3).(a.Ib –a2.Ib)
Ia2 = (1/3). (a2.Ib-a.Ib) = - (1/3).(a.Ib –a2.Ib) = - Ia1
i.e. Ia2 = - Ia1
Replacing the actual quantities of equn.(3) in terms of
symmetrical components,
Va0 + a2.Va1 + a.Va2 = Va0 + a.Va1 +a2.Va2
+ Zf.(Ia0 + a2.Ia1 + a.Ia2)-----(4)
Since Ia0 = 0 and Ia2 = - Ia1 ----------(5)
(Also Va0 = Ia0.Z0. Therefore Va0 = 0.)
Equn. (4) is simplified as
(a2 – a)Va1= (a2 – a) Va2 + (a2-a).Ia1.Zf
i.e. Va1 = Va2 + Ia1.Zf ---------(6)
Equns.(5) & (6) are simultaneously satisfied by
connecting the sequence networks as shown in the
fig.
Connection of sequence networks for Line to
Line Fault
fig
f
From the above fig.

Ia1 = E / (Z1 + Z2 + Zf)


Ib = -Ic = Ia0 + a2.Ia1 + a.Ia2 = (a2-a).Ia1

[Since (a2 – a) = -0.5 - j 0.866-(-0.5 +j0.866)


= -0.5-j0.866+0.5 –j0.866 = -j1.732 = -j3)]
4.4 Double Line to Ground Fault
Fig.shows a double line to ground fault through a
fault impedance Zf.
The terminal conditions are
Ia =0 --------------------(1)
Vb = Vc = (Ib + Ic) Zf -------------(2)
Equn.(1) can be written as
Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2 = 0 ----------------(3)
From equn.(2)
Va0 + a2.Va1 + a.Va2 = Va0 + a.Va1 + a2.Va2
i.e. (a2 –a) Va1= (a2 –a) Va2
Therefore V = V ---(4)
Replacing Vb, Ib, Ic by their sequence components in
equn.(2) gives
Va0 + a2 Va1 + aVa2 = (Ia0 + a2 Ia1 +a Ia2 + Ia0 +
aIa1 +a2Ia2)Zf -------------(5)
Substituting equns. (2) & (4) in (5)
Va0+ (a2 +a)Va1= [2Ia0+(a2 +a)(Ia1+Ia2)]Zf
Since Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2 = 0;
Ia0 = - (Ia1+ Ia2)}
Va0 – Va1 = [2Ia0 +Ia0]Zf = 3Ia0.Zf -----------(6)
Equns.(3),(4) & (6) are simultaneously satisfied by
connecting the sequence networks as shown in fig.
Connection of sequence networks for Double
line to Ground Fault
Simplified equivalent circuit
Connection of sequence networks for Double
line to Ground Fault
From the equivalent circuit

The division of Ia1 into Ia2 and Ia0 can be found from the
above fig. Then Va1, Va2 and Va0 can be calculated.
From the values of sequence currents and voltages, the
line currents and voltages can be determined.

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