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The document discusses communication systems including definitions of communication, the basic components of communication systems, types of communication, analog and digital signals, and the radio frequency spectrum. It covers topics such as analog signal components, periodic and non-periodic signals, modulation, and bandwidth.

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11 views

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The document discusses communication systems including definitions of communication, the basic components of communication systems, types of communication, analog and digital signals, and the radio frequency spectrum. It covers topics such as analog signal components, periodic and non-periodic signals, modulation, and bandwidth.

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hiwot222712
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ECEL Analog & Digital Communication

Introduction
Presented by
Samuel Bayissa
Lecturer
Department of ELECTRONICS
Ethiopian defence university College of Engineering
Content

• What is Communication?

• Significance of Human Communication

• Basic Components of Communication

• Types of Communication

• Components of Analog Signal

• Radio Frequency Spectrum


Where we are in Telecommunication?
Internet Access users in million
Telephone Users in Billion
ed Line Subscribers;
0.22
Broadband
Subscribers; Internet
496.12 Users;
560.01
Telephone Broadcasting
Mobile Subscribers;
Subscribers; 1.192
1.171
Private FM
Radio Stations;
350
Private
Television
Channel;
851
What is Communication?
• Communication is the process of establishing connection or link whereby the
information is transferred from one point called as source to the other point
called as destination.
• Two of the main barriers in communication are
– Language and the distance

• The distance problem is solved now a days by means of long distance


communications.
– Communication at long distance is called telecommunication
Significance of
Human Communication
• Methods of communication
– Face to face

– Signals

– Written word (letters)

– Electrical innovations:
• Telegraph

• Telephone

• Radio

• Television

• Internet (computer)
Basic Components of Communication
Source
• The source originate a message. The information is basically the news, one which to convey.

• The original source information can be in an analog form, such as human voice, music,

and television picture or in digital form, such as binary coded number and computer

data.

Input Transducer
• A transducer is a sensor which converts any other form (pressure, light) of a signal
into electrical signal.
• Input transducer converts any other form of energy into electrical signals. This electrical
signal is information which needs to be transmitted.
Transmitter
• The transmitter is a circuit which modifies the input electrical signal into a suitable form

and transmits it through an antenna.

• The transmitter contains a modulator.

• In addition to that, it increase the power level of the signal. The power level should be increase in

order to cover a long distance.


Channel
• Channel is the medium by which the modulated signal is transmitted to the receiver.

• Wire, coaxial cable, radio link, an optical fiber and a waveguide are the examples of a channel.

• Unfortunately, there are noises in the channel. which also adds up and modifies the transmitted signal.
Receiver
• The main function of the receiver is to reproduce the original message

from the distorted signal which contains information signal as well as

noise that available at the input of it from the channel.

Output Transducer
• The output transducer converts the electrical signal into its original form.

• Because we need the original message that the source originated. It converts it

into a form which can be understood by the destination unit.


Types of Communication

• Electronic communications are classified according to


whether they are
1. One-way (simplex) or two-way (full duplex or half duplex)
transmissions
2. Analog or digital signals.
Simplex Communication

• The simplest method of electronic communication is referred


to as simplex.
• This type of communication is one-way. Examples are:
• Radio
• TV broadcasting
• Beeper (personal receiver)
Full Duplex Communication

• Most electronic communication is two-way and is referred to


as duplex.
• When people can talk and listen simultaneously, it is called
full duplex. The telephone is an example of this type of
communication.
Half Duplex Communication

• The form of two-way communication in which only one party


transmits at a time is known as half duplex. Examples are:
– Police Waki taki
– Military Waki taki
Analog Communication

• An analog communication is a system in which the information


signal is transmitted and received in an analog form.
• An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously varying voltage
or current. Examples are:
• Sine wave

• Voice

• Video (TV)
Figure Analog signals (a) Sine wave “tone.” (b) Voice. (c) Video (TV) signal.
Digital Communication

• In digital communication, the digital pulse in the form of code words


are transferred between two or more points in a communication system.
• Digital signals change in steps or in discrete increments.

Figure : Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Continuous-wave (CW) code. (c) Serial binary code.
Analog & Digital Signal
• Analog signal are continuous and take continuous values.
• Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a
range
• Digital signal have discrete states and take discrete values.
• Digital signals can have only a limited
number of values.
In communication systems, we commonly
use periodic analog signals and
nonperiodic digital signals.
Periodic Analog Signal
• Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or
composite.
• A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be
decomposed into simpler signals.
• A composite periodic analog signal is composed of multiple
sine waves.
Components of Analog Signal

• Amplitude
• Frequency
• Phase
• Wavelength
• Bandwidth
Amplitude
Frequency

Frequency and period are the inverse of


each other.
Units of period and frequency
Frequency is the rate of change with respect to time.

Change in a short span of time


means high frequency.

Change over a long span of


time means low frequency.
If a signal does not change at all, its frequency is
zero.
If a signal changes instantaneously, its frequency is
infinite.
Phase
Figure Three sine waves with the same
amplitude and frequency, but different phases

• Phase describes the


position of the waveform
relative to time 0.
Wavelength (λ)
• Wavelength (λ) is defined as the distance between two points
similar cycles of a periodic waves.
• It is also defined as the distance traveled by an EM wave
during the time of one cycle.
• The wavelength decreases with increase in frequency

λ=
Bandwidth

• Bandwidth is defined as the frequency


range over which information signals
transmitted.
• It is also defined as the difference between
the upper and lower cutoff frequency.
To be transmitted, Information (Data)
must be transformed to electromagnetic
signals.
Radio Frequency Spectrum
Base Band & Pass Band Communication

• The base band communication is a direct communication. Here,


carrier signal as well as modulation techniques are not involved.
• It is used in short distance communication.

• The pass band communication, the high frequency signal called as


carrier signal is used to modulate the low frequency information
signal in order to achieve the long distance communication.
Drawbacks of Base Band(With out Modulation)

• Excessively need large antenna height

• Signals get mixed up (interference)

• Short range of communication

• Multiplexing is not possible

• Poor quality of reception

The above drawbacks can be overcomed by means of using modulation


techniques in pass band communications
o u
k Y
a n
T h

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