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Lec-18choking of Nozzle

The document discusses the choking phenomenon in convergent and convergent-divergent nozzles. It explains how choking occurs when the back pressure reaches the critical pressure and the flow becomes sonic at the throat. It also discusses over-expansion and under-expansion that can occur depending on the relationship between the back pressure and design pressure.

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14 views

Lec-18choking of Nozzle

The document discusses the choking phenomenon in convergent and convergent-divergent nozzles. It explains how choking occurs when the back pressure reaches the critical pressure and the flow becomes sonic at the throat. It also discusses over-expansion and under-expansion that can occur depending on the relationship between the back pressure and design pressure.

Uploaded by

bilal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Choking of Nozzle

Choking of Convergent Nozzle


Assuming:

design pressure =P*


Inlet pressure =Po is fixed
Back pressure = Pb is varying
Exit pressure = Pe

(1) If, Po = Pe = Pb

 Mass flow = 0

 There is no expansion.

(2) If Pb is reduced up to some extend


(Pb> P*) slightly higher than (P*)

 Nozzle said to be over-expanding


Choking of Convergent Nozzle
 There is some flow through the nozzle

 Since, the enthalpy is dropped and

 Velocity will increase.

(3) If, Pb=P*

 Further decrease in Pb equal to P*

 Max. Mass flow rate, Nozzle is choked

 Mach No. = 1 at exit of nozzle

 Velocity (C) is sonic


Choking of Convergent Nozzle
(4) If Pb< P*

Back pressure less than the design pressure

Expansion in the nozzle fallow the same path of (3).

But expansion takes place outside the nozzle.

Pressure oscillates violently and shock wave is formed.

This condition know as under-expansion of the nozzle.

Note: when exit pressure Pe > Pb then the nozzle is


convergent type.
Choking of Convergent Nozzle
Choking of C-D Nozzle
Choking of C-D Nozzle
(A) If, Po = Pe = Pb

 Mass flow = 0

 There is no expansion.

(B) If, throat pressure well above the design pressure


(P* ) the divergent portion acts as diffuser.

(C) If, Pb = Pc

 The throat pressure becomes design pressure (P*)

 Fluid achieves the sonic velocity at the throat.

 There is maximum mass flow


Choking of C-D Nozzle
Flow is choked flow

Velocity becomes sonic velocity

Mach No. = 1

Further decrease in Pb pressure will not effect on


the mass flow rate.

In these conditions divergent section is required to


further acceleration.

Because there is rapid change in the density ().

A correctly design nozzle is always choked.


Choking of C-D Nozzle
(D) When PC > Pb >Pe,

The fluid that achieved a sonic velocity at the throat continues


accelerating to supersonic velocities in the diverging section as the
pressure decreases.

This acceleration comes to a sudden stop, however, as a normal


shock develops at a section between the throat and the exit plane,

which causes a sudden drop in velocity to subsonic levels and a


sudden increase in pressure.

The fluid then continues to decelerate further in the remaining


part of the converging–diverging nozzle.

Flow through the shock is highly irreversible, and thus it cannot


be approximated as isentropic.
Choking of C-D Nozzle
The normal shock moves downstream away from the throat
as Pb is decreased, and it approaches the nozzle exit plane
as Pb approaches Pe.

(E) When Pb=Pe,

The normal shock forms at the exit plane of the nozzle.

The flow is supersonic through the entire diverging section


and it can be approximated as isentropic.

However, the fluid velocity drops to subsonic levels just


before leaving the nozzle as it
Choking of C-D Nozzle
(F) When Pe>Pb >0,

The flow in the diverging section is supersonic, and the fluid


expands to PF at the nozzle exit with no normal shock forming
within the nozzle.

Thus, the flow through the nozzle can be approximated as


isentropic.

(G) When Pb=PF,

no shocks occur within or outside the nozzle.

When Pb <PF,

irreversible mixing and expansion waves occur downstream of the


exit plane of the nozzle.
Under & and Over Expansion
Under-expansion:
When the back pressure of a nozzle below the design pressure (P c or P* ) the
nozzle is said to be underexpand. Fluid expands violently outside the nozzle.

Over-expansion:
When the back pressure of a nozzle above the design pressure (P c or P* ) the
nozzle is said to be overexpand.

In convergent nozzle exit pressure greater than the critical pressure and reduces
the mass flow through the nozzle.

In C-D nozzle expansion followed by a re-compression and develops a shock


wave.
PROBLEM
Fluid at 6.9 bar and 93oC enters a convergent nozzle with negligible velocity
And expands isentropically into space at 3.6 bar. Calculate the mass flow per meter
square of exit area:
(i) When fluid is Helium (Cp=5.19 kJ/kg K)
(ii) When fluid is Ethane (Cp=1.88 kJ/kg K)
Assume that both helium and ethane are perfect gases and take the
respective molar masses as 4 kg/mol and 30 kg/mol.
(i) For helium
It is necessary to calculate the P1=6.9 bar
Critical pressure in order to know T1=93 oC
whether the nozzle is choked or not.

Pb=3.6 bar
pC  2   1
    (1)
p1    1

  ??

R
Cp   (2)
 1
“R” can be calculated from molar mass, we know that,
Ro
Mo 
R

Ro
R
Mo

8314.4 N  m / kmo,
R
4kg / kmol  Ro  8314.4 N  m / kmolK

R  2079 N  m / kgK

Now, substitute the value of R in equation (2)


R
Cp 
 1

 1 R

 Cp
1 R
1 
 Cp

1 2079
1 
 5.19  10 3

1
1  0.4

1
1  0.4 

  1.667

Now, substitute the value of () in equation (1)


1.667
pC  2  1.667 1
 
6.9  1.667  1 

 pC  pb
pC  3.36bar

The actual back pressure is 3.6 bar, hence in this case the fluid does not
reaches the critical conditions and nozzle is not choked.

For temperature T2:


 1
T1  p1  
  
T2  p2 

1.667 1
366  6.9  1.667
 
T2  3.36 

T2  274 K
Velocity at exit

C2  2Cp (T1  T2 )

C2  2  5.19(366  274) Mass flow rate at exit

A2C2
C2  30.9m / sec m 
v2

RT2
v2 1 30.9
p2 m 
1.59

2079  274
v2 m  19.4kg / sec
3.6  105

v 2  1.59m 3 / kg
(ii) For Ethane

Ro 1 R
Mo  1 
R  Cp

Ro 1 277.1
R 1 
Mo  1.88  10 3

8314.4 N  m / kmol 1
R 1  0.147
30kg / kmol 

R  277.1N  m / kgK 1
1  0.147 

R
Cp 
 1   1.172

 1 R

 Cp
For critical pressure ratio

pC  2   1
  
p1    1

1.172
pC  2  1.1721
 
6.9  1.172  1 

pC  3.93bar

The actual back pressure is 3.6 bar, hence in this case the fluid reaches
the critical conditions at exit and nozzle is choked.

The expansion from the exit pressure 3.93 bar down to back pressure
of 3.6 bar must be takes place out side the nozzle due to convergent nozzle
Now, calculations for critical conditions

For critical temperature For specific volume at exit


TC 2 RTC
 v2
T1   1 p2

TC 2 277.1  337
 v2
366 1.172  1 3.93  10 5

TC  337 K v 2  0.238m 3 / kg

For critical velocity at exit For max. mass flow rate at exit

C C  RTc A2 C C
m 
v2
1  331
C C  1.172  277.1  337 m 
0.238

C C  331m / sec
m  1391kg / sec

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