Introduction

Lecture 1 cs193i Internet Technologies Summer 2004 Stanford University

Outline

What is the Internet? Where did it come from? What are we going to discuss in cs193i? Break Networking basics Physical Infrastructure

The Ever-changing Internet

Different colors based on IP address http://research.lumeta.com/ches/map

What is the Internet?

WWW Video conferencing ftp telnet Email Instant messaging

What is the Internet?

WWW Video conferencing ftp telnet Email Instant messaging

A communication infrastructure Usefulness is in exchanging information

On-line interactive communities... will be communities not of common location, but of common interest.... the total number of users...will be large enough to support extensive general purpose [computers]. All of these will be interconnected by

telecommunications channels... [to] constitute a labile network

J. C. R. Licklider

Where Did It Come From?

It was invented by Al Gore. JUST KIDDING! Early 1960s - DARPA (ARPA in 1960s) project headed by Licklider Late 1960s - ARPANET & research on packet switching by Roberts

First node installed by BBN at UCLA in September 1969 1969 - Four host computers (UCLA, SRI, UCSB, University of Utah)

Get more info at: http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/ http://www.packet.cc/internet.html

ARPANET, 1980

http://mappa.mundi.net/maps/maps_001/

History of the Internet

1969 - RFCs begun by S. Crocker (http://rfc.sunsite.dk/) 1972 - Email by Ray Tomlinson & Larry Roberts 1970s - TCP by Vint Cerf & Bob Kahn

Evolved into TCP/IP, and UDP

1980s Hardware Explosion (LANs, PCs, and workstations)

1983 Ethernet by Metcalfe

DNS Distributed and scalable mechanism for resolving host names into IP addresses UC Berkeley implements TCP/IP into Unix BSD 1985 Internet used by researchers and developers

History of the Internet

Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989

Proposal for WWW in 1990 First web page on November 13, 1990 Ted Nelsons Xanadu Vannevar Bushs Memex

Hypertext - Text that contains links to other text.

(http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm)

W3C

Get more info at: http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/

What will cs193i cover?

Basic Networking Issues Network Interoperability and Standards

TCP/IP

Sockets and Client/Server Structures Services Applications

HTML, HTTP, CGI, Servlets

Security and Privacy Advanced Topics

Course Staff

Kelly A. Shaw

Silas Boyd-Wickizer

Instructor Professor at Univ. of Richmond in Fall PhD Candidate w/ Distinction in Teaching BS from Duke University Gates 255 Office hours: MW 2-4pm

Teaching Assistant Office hours: TTh 4-6pm Sweet hall

Meeting Times

Lecture
MW 4:15-6:05 McCullough 115 Broadcast Live on E3 Stanford Online

Two review sessions - TBA

Reading Materials

No required textbook Recommended:

Core Web Programming by Marty Hall and Larry Brown. On-line only

Handouts

Course Details

Grading
50% Homework (4 assignments) 5% Labs (4 labs) 10% Midterm 30% Final 5% Class participation (if not SCPD)

May work in groups of 1 or 2 students C/NC students

Homework Assignments

HW #1

POP email client Server/Client pair with authentication

HW #2

HW #3

HW #4

Administrative Details

Contacting staff

[email protected]
su.class.cs193i

Newsgroup

Grading/testing on Leland systems Honor Code

Five Minute Break

Communicating Via the Internet

[email protected]

Network

[email protected]

MSN Messenger

Bits and Bytes

Computer Data is stored in Binary

Binary Digits (bits) Base 2 representation 1011100001101010

Every 8 bits == 1 Byte 10111000 01101010 (2 bytes (once known as octet)) Hexadecimal == Base 16 representation 1011 1000 0110 1010 B 8 6 A Decimal == Base 10 (we have 10 fingers) 0...9, A = 10, B= 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15

Bits and Bytes

Kilobyte (2^10=1024 Bytes, 10^3=1000 Bytes in networking) Megabyte (2^20 Bytes, 10^6 in Networking) Gigabyte (2^30 Bytes, 10^9 in Networking) Terabyte (2^40, 10^12) Petabyte (2^50, 10^15)

Performance: Latency and Bandwidth

Latency
How long minimum communication takes in seconds (s) Round trip vs. single trip More difficult to overcome than bandwidth

Bandwidth

Number of bits per time unit usually seconds (bps)

bandwidth

Any-to-Any Communication

n2 Network Effect (Metcalfes Law)

Babel

Internet consists of many different types of networks

Hows the weather in Seattle, Mar?

Ethernet Token ring

[email protected] Ethernet

Different types of operating systems and other software How do they work together?

Network

Tokenring

[email protected]

Standards
MSN Messenger

Divide Work into Layers

End-to-End
TCP, UDP

01010

0 1 0 1 0

01010

make network simple and reliable

Network
IP

a
connect segments, address (locating points on graph) and route (navigating graph)

Link Level
Ethernet, token ring

01010

01010

physically encode bits on wire

Sending Data Along Wires

Connection-oriented

Circuit switched

Persistent connection set up between sender and receiver

Example: telephone system Packet switched

Message

Connectionless

H Data H Data H Data

Comparison of Switching Technologies

Circuit switched Advantages

Packet switched Advantages

Only route once Latency and bandwidth constant Idle resources unavailable for other connections Large setup time Single point of failure

Efficient use of wires Small startup overhead Route each packet Per packet overhead Bursty

Disadvantages

Disadvantages

Distributed state

Ethernet

Bob Metcalfe at Xerox PARC Used for local area networks (LANs)

Physically near one another 200 computers within 100 meters

Broadcast medium

Single wire connects all computers

Each computer has unique 48-bit MAC address

All computers constantly listen

Carrier Sense, Multiple Access with Collision Detect

Sender waits until wire unused before sending If hears collision, stops, waits random time, retransmits

Ethernet

Ethernet Variations

Ethernet Properties

Shared Distributed (not Centralized) Insecure Unpredictable Latency & Bandwidth But it works!

Under light load (<30%), appears to be point-topoint

Alternative to Ethernet: Token Ring

Alternative introduced by IBM (1980s) Passing the Conch Shell

Next Time

Network Layer

IP
TCP

End-to-End or Transport Layer