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Chapter 2 - Individual & Cultural Differences

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26 views32 pages

Chapter 2 - Individual & Cultural Differences

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hami.ducthien
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INDIVIDUAL & CULTURAL

DIFFERENCES
CHAPTER 2
“Fill what's empty, empty
what is full, and scratch
where it itches.”
EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

How do managers select the right person for a


particular job to get the best performance out of a
worker?
1) Ability & Skills
• Mental abilities
• Physical abilities
2) Motivation
PERSONALITY

Personality is an individual’s characteristic pattern of


thinking, feeling, and acting.
• Physiological & Roles
• Cultural
• Family & Social Group
• Situational
WORK BEHAVIOR

Creating the right work conditions to foster employee


growth and development. Look at personality
differences:
• Self-Esteem
• Locus of Control
• Introversion - Extroversion
• Authoritarianism – Dogmatism
• Dependability
ANXIETY

Anxiety – the price we pay for civilization. In a society we must


control our sexual and aggressive impulses.

We protect ourselves with defense mechanisms that reduce or


redirect anxiety by distorting reality.
• The ego unconsciously defends itself against anxiety.

Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies whereby


people protect themselves from anxious thoughts or feelings.
STATUS ANXIETY

Alain de Botton – Status Anxiety can be defined as the


constant tension or fear of being perceived as "unsuccessful" by
the society in materialistic terms.

Individuals constantly try to outsmart others to climb up the


social ladder.
Meritocracy is a primary cause of status anxiety.
Snobbery, envy, lovelessness are some other causes of status
anxiety.
STATUS ANXIETY

In the modern world we are defined by


what we do.

What do you do?


ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Carl Jung – collective unconscious – the concept of a shared,


inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.

Archetypes
Jung developed 12 archetypes as a framework for understanding
fundamental human motivations and the operations of the
human mind.
Within each archetype lies profound insights into our
thoughts, our emotions, and our actions.
ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

“The world will ask you who you


are, and if you don’t know, the
world will tell you.”
- Carl Jung
ARCHETYPES

Archetypes - are patterns that repeat themselves in the


collective unconscious of human beings. This could be in the
form of dreams, stories, art, or even in myths (including
religious ones), which don't seem to have cultural boundaries.
These are then seen as universal and thus embody a hereditary
factor of the human psyche.
CARDINAL ORIENTATION

Cardinal orientations – 4 orientations represent the


archetype’s focus – the one single mission that the archetype
wishes to fulfill.
By understanding these four orientations we can better grasp
the hidden motivations and self-perceiving dynamics of each
personality archetype.
1) Ego: Leaving a mark or making an impact on the world.
2) Order: Providing some form of structure or order to the world.
3) Social: Striving to form intimate connections with others.
4) Freedom: Yearning to realize one’s own sense of paradise.
ARCHETYPES

Do we have just one archetype?


One archetype tends to have the greatest amount of influence
or dominance in our personality.

It is through identifying our primary personality archetype


that we are able to define exactly which archetypal energy is
governing our thoughts, feelings, and personalities.
ASSESSING TRAITS
OCEAN

The Big Five Personality Factors:


1) Openness (inventive/curious)
2) Conscientiousness (efficient/organized)
3) Extraversion (outgoing/energetic)
4) Agreeableness (friendly/compassionate)
5) Neuroticism (sensitive/nervous)

https://www.truity.com/test/big-five-personality-test
OPENNESS

Openness
• General appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas,
imagination, curiosity, and variety of experiences.
• Intellectually curious, open to emotion, sensitive to beauty and
willing to try new things.
• More creative and more aware of their feelings.
• Hold unconventional beliefs.
• More likely to engage in risky behavior or drug-taking.
• Pursue self-actualization specifically by seeking out intense,
euphoric experiences.
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

Conscientiousness
• Tendency to display self-discipline, act dutifully, and strive for
achievement against measures or outside expectations.
• Better able to control, regulate, and direct their impulses.
• High conscientiousness is perceived as being stubborn and
focused. Indicate a preference for planned rather than
spontaneous behavior.
• Low conscientiousness is associated with flexibility and
spontaneity, but can also appear as sloppiness and lack of
reliability.
EXTRAVERSION

Extraversion (outgoing/energetic)
• Characterized by breadth of activities (as opposed to depth) and
energy creation from external means.
• Engaged with the external world and enjoy interacting with
people, and are often perceived as full of energy.
• Tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented individuals and possess
high group visibility, like to talk, and assert themselves.
AGREEABLENESS

Agreeableness
• Reflects individual differences in general concern for social
harmony.
• Agreeable individuals value getting along with others and are
generally considerate, kind, generous, trusting and trustworthy,
helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others.
• Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature.
NEUROTICISM

Neuroticism
• Tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger,
anxiety or depression.
• High neuroticism is emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress
and are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening.
• Perceive minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult and tend to be
flippant in the way they express emotions.
MYERS-BRIGGS

Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) – an introspective self-


report questionnaire indicating differing psychological preferences
in how people perceive the world and make decisions.
The test attempts to assign four categories:
1) Introversion or Extraversion
2) Sensing or Intuition
3) Thinking or Feeling
4) Judging or Perceiving
ASSESSING BEHAVIOR

To predict behavior, it is best to observe it in a realistic situation.


• Military training
• Flight simulators
• Medical students clinical work
• Observing teachers in class
• Police and fire drills/practices

The best predictor of future behavior is the person’s past


behavior patterns in similar situations.
EMPLOYEE SELECTION

Companies today are beginning to offer an array


of psychological evaluations to prospective
employees before moving forward in the
interview process.
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES:
HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS

Geert Hofstede examined value differences among national societies and


identified six areas of common problems. Although the problems were shared
by different cultural groups, solutions varied from culture to culture.

The following six cultural dimensions:


1) Power Distance
2) Individualism vs. Collectivism
3) Uncertainty Avoidance
4) Masculinity vs. Femininity
5) Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation
6) Indulgence vs. Restraint
THE SELF

Self – the center of our personality, the organizer of our thoughts,


feelings, and actions.
How many selves do we possess?

Spotlight effect – overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating


us.
THE SELF

Self-esteem – feelings of high or low self-worth.


Self-efficacy – sense of competence on a task.

Excessive/Unrealistic optimism
Blindness to one’s own incompetence

Success requires the balance between optimism to


provide hope and enough pessimism to prevent
complacency.
DUNNING-KRUGER EFFECT

People with low ability at a


task overestimate their ability.

It is related to the cognitive


bias of illusory
superiority and comes from
the inability of people to
recognize their lack of ability.
THE SELF

Self-serving bias – readiness to perceive oneself favorably.


Most people see themselves as better than average.
Overestimation of the self and a desire to maintain a positive
self-image.
Narcissism – excessive self-love and self-absorption.

“True humility is not thinking less of yourself; it is


thinking of yourself less.”
- C.S. Lewis (1952)
PETER PRINCIPLE

People in a hierarchy tend to rise


to their "level of
incompetence":
Employees are promoted based
on their success in previous jobs
until they reach a level at which
they are no longer competent, as
skills in one job do not
necessarily translate to another.

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