Nanotechnology II (TT 4450):

2 credit (GPA)

Lecture 1: fundamental principles of physics to

explain the phenomena in Nanotechnology
 What nanotechnology is?
Nanotechnology is the process of processing materials to the
nanoscale and using them for everyday use.

Magnified images of human

hair and carbon nanotubes
taken with an electron
scanning microscope
2
 History of Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology was first used by a group of Japanese scientists in 1912
• The importance of this technology was brought to the world's attention by American scientist
Richard Feynman
• Modern nanotechnology began 60 years ago (as early as 1959) as the second largest
technological revolution, with Richard Feynman's statement that "there is enough space at
the bottom"

Richard Feynman, the physicist considered the father

of modern nanotechnology Significant developments in modern nanotechnology
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 Nano scale
A nanometer is 10-9 meters. The Magnified images of a
range visible to our naked eye is 10-4 human hair tree and a
meters. butterfly wing obtained
Electron scanning microscopes are from an electron
required for nanoparticle observation scanning microscope
 Nanoparticle processing modes
There are two main types of nanoparticle processing methods. This can be termed as top-
down and bottom-up mode
Bottom-up involves the addition of
atoms and molecules to
nanoparticles using nanoscale
biotics and chemical energy

In the top-down process, a large

material is broken down into
smaller nanoscale particles.

Both of these types of materials

that can be processed to the
nanoscale are called nanostructures.
 The importance of the nano scale
• The quantum properties of materials emerge at the nanoscale
• Increasing the active area of ​materials at the nanoscale
• Important phenomena associated with biology are at work at the nanoscale

Atomic-
scale

Nano-
scale

Bulk-scale

How the fluorescence effect in nanoparticles

occurs and the choice varies according to the
particle size
 Nanotechnology

Lecture 1: fundamental principles of physics to

explain the phenomena in Nanotechnology
 Properties of nanomaterials
• Physical Properties
- Size
- Shape
- Density
- wetaability
- Melting Point
- Specific surface area
- Mechanical Strength
• Optical Properties
• Electrical Properties
• Thermal properties
• Magenetic properties
 Properties of nanomaterials
Physical Properties - Size
• Nanoparticles exhibit unique properties due to their high surface area to
volume ratio.
• A spherical particle has a diameter (D) of 100nm.
• Calculate the volume (V) and surface area (SA)

4 3 πD3 SA = 4 πr 2 = πD2
V = πr =
3 6
SA = π(100 × 10 -9 )2
π(100 × 10 -9 )3
V= SA = 3.141× 10 -14 m2
6
V = 5.24 x10 -22 m3
 Properties of nanomaterials
Physical Properties - Size
• Some example calculations for volume and surface area of nanoparticles.
• These calculations use nm as unit of length.

Nanoparticle Nanoparticle Volume Surface Area SA:Vol Ratio

Diameter (nm) Diameter (um) (nm3) (nm2) (nm2/nm3)
1 0.001 0.524 3.14 6
10 0.01 524 314 0.6
100 0.1 523598 31416 0.06
1000 1 5.24E+08 3.14E+06 0.006
10000 10 5.24E+11 3.14E+08 0.0006
100000 100 5.24E+14 3.14E+10 0.00006
1000000 1000 5.24E+17 3.14E+12 0.000006
 Properties of nanomaterials
Physical Properties - Size
• Surface Area:Volume Ratio
In this graph:
SA = nm2
Vol = nm3

SA:Vol Ratio = nm2/nm3

The ratio increases dramatically

when the nanoparticle diameter
drops below about 100 nm
 Properties of nanomaterials
Physical Properties - Size
• Surface Area: Volume Ratio
• This gives an approximate surface area to volume ratio of >107:1 which is
significantly larger than a macro sized particle.
• As the surface area to volume ratio increases so does the percentage of atoms
at the surface and surface forces become more dominant.
• Generally accepted material properties are derived from the bulk, where the
percentage of atoms at the surface is miniscule. These properties change at
the nanoscale.
 Properties of nanomaterials
Physical Properties – Size
• As the percentage of atoms at the surface increases, the mechanical, optical,
electrical, chemical, and magnetic properties change.
• For example optical properties (color) of gold and silver change, when the spatial dimensions
are reduced and the concentration is changed.
 Nanostructures – Changes of the properties
• The transition of material structures from macroscale to nanoscale results in
sharp changes of their properties.
• These changes are due to two reasons

• Reason 1: The increase of the proportion of surface atoms in the structure

• Reason 2: Quantum effect - Quantum confinement
.
 Nanostructures: Increase of number of
surface atoms
Reason 1: The increase of the proportion of surface
atoms in the structure
How do we calculate the total number of atoms in a
nanoparticle
• Estimation of number of atoms in a gold nanoparticle
• to estimate how many atoms are in a gold
nanoparticle, we have to talk a little about crystal
structure
• Crystals form when atoms (or molecules) arrange A simple cubic crystal built from 27 unit cells
themselves in an ordered way in three dimensions
• The smallest unit of that structure is called a unit cell
• The example given shows a simple cubic structure
where there is one atom at each corner of a cube, and
the cubes stack together to make the crystal
structure.
 Nanostructures: Increase of number of
surface atoms
• Gold crystallizes in what is called a face-centered
cubic structure
• This means that in addition to the corner atoms on each
unit cell like the example above, gold also has an atom on
the faces of each unit cell, one for each of the six sides of
A face-centered cubic
the cube unit cell
• These are shown in green on this drawing
• It might be confusing to count how many atoms there are
in a gold unit cell.
• There are 8 atoms sitting on the corners of the unit cell,
and 6 atoms that sit on each face of the unit cell.
• But you have to imagine that this unit cell is stacked on top
of other unit cells, is under other ones, is next to other
A face-centered cubic crystal with multiple unit cells
ones, on and on in all directions. stacked together, with one unit cell outlined at upper
right
 Nanostructures: Increase of number of
surface atoms
• So that means that the 8 atoms on the corners of
each unit are shared by the units above, below, and
next to it
• It turns out that each unit shares its corner atoms
among a total of 8 unit cells, and those green face A face-centered cubic crystal
atoms are also each shared between two adjacent with multiple unit cells stacked
unit cells. together, with one unit cell
outlined at upper right
 Nanostructures: Increase of number of
surface atoms
• Therefore, if we want to count how many atoms are
in ONE gold unit cell, we have to only count
the pieces of the atoms that are in that one unit cell
• Since each corner atom is only 1/8 inside our unit cell,
but there are 8 corners, 8 x (1/8) = 1. A face-centered cubic crystal
• Since each face atom is only half inside our unit cell, with multiple unit cells stacked
together, with one unit cell
but there are 6 of them, 6 x (1/2) = 3. outlined at upper right
• 1+3 = 4, so there are 4 total atoms per unit cell.
 Nanostructures: Increase of number of
surface atoms
• Now we are ready to think about nanoparticles
• X-ray crystallography experiments tell us that the unit cell
edge length for gold is 0.408 nm The volume of a cube = length x
width x height, all of which are
• The unit cell is a perfect cube, so its volume (length x width 0.408 nm in this example
x height) is 0.4083= 0.0679 cubic nm
• Even though the unit cells of gold nanocrystals are cubic,
gold nanoparticles themselves are pretty much spherical in
shape
• If we consider a 4 nm diameter gold nanoparticle to be a
sphere with a radius of 2nm (remember radius = half of
diameter), then its volume is 4/3 πr3= 33.5 nm3
the radius of a sphere is the distance from the edge to the center, 2nm
in our example gold nanoparticle; the sphere’s volume = 4/3 πr 3
 Nanostructures: Increase of number of
surface atoms
• Now that we know the nanoparticle’s volume, we have to
figure out how many unit cells of gold will occupy that
amount of space
• This calculation is easy: we divide the volume of the
sphere by the volume of the gold unit cell: 33.5/0.0679 =
493 (approximately)
• round this up to 500 unit cells per nanoparticle the radius of a sphere is the
distance from the edge to the
• We already know from the crystal structure of gold that center, 2nm in our example gold
nanoparticle; the sphere’s
there are 4 atoms per unit cell volume = 4/3 πr3
• Since there are about 500 unit cells per nanoparticle, this
means we have about 4 atoms x 500 unit cells = 2000 gold
atoms per nanoparticle
 Nanostructures: Increase of number of
surface atoms
To calculate the number of surface atoms.
• We have to define the subsurface radius of the
nanoparticle
• subsurface radius equal to the nanoparticle radius minus
one diameter of the element in question
• Gold has a covalent radius of 0.136 nm, so a nanoparticle
the radius of a sphere is the
with radius of 2.0 nm would have subsurface radius, distance from the edge to the
rsubsurface = 2.0 nm – 2 x 0.136 nm = 0.724 nm center, 2nm in our example gold
nanoparticle; the sphere’s
• Then we can calculate the subsurface volume and thereby volume = 4/3 πr3

the number of surface atoms in the nanoparticle

 Nanostructures: Increase of number of
surface atoms
To calculate the number of surface atoms.
• The ratio of surface atoms to total atoms is
called the dispersion or the degree of
dispersion.
• The percent of surface atoms equals the
dispersion x 100%
• As the ratio between the element covalent
diameter to particle diameter increases when
the size go to nano meter scale, the ratio
increases