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Topic 5 Installation Circuit Systems

The document discusses electrical installation design including system representation using diagrams, symbols, and house plans. It also covers choosing a wiring system, designing circuits for lighting and power, and examples of circuit types.

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Farai Masoo
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
37 views49 pages

Topic 5 Installation Circuit Systems

The document discusses electrical installation design including system representation using diagrams, symbols, and house plans. It also covers choosing a wiring system, designing circuits for lighting and power, and examples of circuit types.

Uploaded by

Farai Masoo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 49

Installation design, circuits

and systems
Outline
1. System Representation
2. Installation symbols and house plan
3. Choice of wiring system
4. Circuit design
5. Lighting Circuits
6. Power Circuits
System Representation

These are different ways of describing electrical circuits and


installations.
i. Block diagrams

A block diagram shows the major components of electrical or mechanical


interrelations in block, or square or rectangular, form etc.,
The lines between the blocks represent the connections between the
systems or components. A single line may represent one wire or a group of
wires.
The block diagram introduces a system as a whole, conveying the general
sequence, operation and arrangement of the major components, without
too much technical detail.
ii. Layout diagrams
These are very similar to block
diagrams, but they indicate
more technical detail and
tend to show items in their
correct geographical location
iii. Circuit/schematic
These show how a circuit functions and takes no account of exact locations
of terminals or equipment
iv. Wiring diagrams
• These indicate how a circuit or
system is physically wired.
• It is usually used for
troubleshooting systems.
• Wiring diagrams show the relative
position of the equipment’s various
components as well as how each
conductor is connected in the
circuit.
Installation Symbols
(Scaddan)
• In many instances switch-gear and
accessories are denoted not by name
but by symbols on a drawing.
• The standard symbols used by the
electrical contracting industry are
those recommended by the British
Standard BS EN 60617.
Installation Symbols
(Linsley)
Example of
House Plan
Layout drawing or floor
plan of a small electrical
installation

• These are scale drawings


based upon the architect’s
site plan of the building.
• They show the positions of
the electrical equipment
which is to be installed.
• The electrical equipment is
identified by a graphical
symbol.
Example of Floor plan with Legend/Key
Example of Floor plan with linked switch and
light
Bill of quantities
• Usually prepared by a quantity surveyor, bills of quantities indicate,
for each trade concerned with the work, the quantity and sometimes
cost of the materials to be used.
• Information is obtained from the specification and plan, the cost
being obtained from the salers.
• The size and quantity of all the materials, cables, control equipment
and accessories can then be determined.
• Once a system has been decided on and all the calculations have been
completed, a list or requisition of materials can be compiled.
• Example of bill of quantities for electrical is shown in Table 13.1 on
page 162 of Scaddan.
Choice of wiring systems
• type of installation, domestic/commercial/industrial and impact
protection;
• temperature of installation and local heat sources;
• effects of dust and water;
• effects of chemicals, fumes and gases;
• animals including vermin (rats, flies, insects, bugs);
• movement and mechanical vibrations;
• corrosion including electrolytic corrosion;
• other environmental factors including wind, seismic effects, solar
radiation, hygiene and mould growth.
Points to consider
The following points to be considered before deciding any type of wiring:
 Durability: The wires selected must be durable and it must be able to
withstand wear and tear due to weather.
Safety: The system selected should be such that poor workman ship may
not produce dangerous results.
Cost: The system adopted must be economical to suit the purse of the
individual concerned.
Appearance: The appearance of wiring has an important bearing on the
architectural beauty and, from aesthetic point of view, concealed conduit
wiring is the proper choice.
Accessibility: The repair and/or extension of the wiring should be feasible.
Choice of System

• The choice of any particular wiring system and its accessories will
depend on the environment in which it is to be installed.
• Under normal conditions, typical wiring systems would include:
Circuit Design
• Conductors and the current-carrying components of accessories (e.g.
switches, fuses, circuit breakers, socket outlets and plugs) must be
large enough to carry the maximum current which the connected
apparatus can cause to flow, without overheating.
• The following steps are followed:
1. Determine the design current
• Calculate the design current (Ib).
• This is the normal current drawn by the load. The design current Ib is
quoted by the manufacturer, but there are times when it has to be
calculated. It is usually determined as follows:
2. Select the rating of the protection
• Select the nominal rating and type of the protective device (In) eg
fuse, circuit breaker.
• The nominal setting of the protection In is selected such that In ≥ Ib
This value may be taken from IEE Regulations or from the
manufacturer’s charts.
3. Select the relevant rating factors
• When a cable carries its full-load current, its temperature rises and can
rise further due to other influences which could damage the insulation.
• For each of these conditions, there is a correction factor or rating
factor (CF), the application of which will have the effect of correcting
cable current-carrying capacity or cable size, as follows:
• high ambient temperature, Ca,
• cables grouped together closely, Cg,
• uncleared overcurrents, Cc and
• contact with thermal insulation, Ci,
• Divide the protective device rated current(In) by the correction factors
(Cg),(Ci),(Ca),(Cr) etc.
4. Determine the cable current carrying
capacity
• Calculate the tabulated current-carrying capacity It of the circuit by
using:
5. Choose a cable size
• Select cable from the tables (Iz) in the regulations
• Having established the tabulated current-carrying capacity of the
cable required, the actual size is found from a relevant table in the IET
Wiring Regulations.
6. Check the voltage drop
• Calculate the voltage drop and check for compliance
• The resistance of a conductor increases as the length increases and/or
the cross-sectional area decreases.
• Associated with an increased resistance is a drop in voltage, which
means that a load at the end of a long, thin cable will not have the full
supply voltage available.
• The IEE Regulations require that for single-phase 230 V, the voltage
drop for lighting should not exceed 3% of 230 V = 6.9 V and for power
circuits should not exceed 5% of 230 V = 11.5 V
7. Check for shock risk constraints

• Check circuit complies with shock protection.


• The actual loop impedance Z s should not exceed those values given
in the IET Regulations.
• Check and ensure that Ib <= In <= Iz; and I2 <= 1.45 Iz
8. Check for thermal constraints
The IET Regulations require that we either select or check the size of a
circuit protective conductor (cpc) against tabulated values, or calculate
its size using an equation.
Symbols used
• Iz - The current carrying capacity of the cable for the particular method of installation.
• It - The tabulated current for a single circuit at an ambient temperature of 30°C.
• Ib - The design current - the actual current to be carried by the cable.
• In - The rating of the CPD, (Fuse or MCB).
• I2 - The fusing or operating current of the CPD.
• Ca - The correction factor for ambient temperature.
• Cg - The correction factor for grouping.
• Ci - The correction factor for thermal insulation.
• Cr - This is a derating correction factor, only for semi-enclosed fuses to BS3036 and is
taken as 0.725.
The IEE Regulations recommend that every consumer’s installation should
have a means of isolation, a means of overcurrent protection and a means of
earth leakage protection.(DNO-Distribution network operators)
Single-phase control.
Lighting Layouts
There are two main methods of wiring a lighting installation:
1. Each ceiling rose or junction box is fed from the previous one in the
form of a chain.
2. The main feed is brought into a central junction box and each point is
fed from it (like the spokes of a wheel).
There are variations involving combinations of these two methods
depending on the shape and size of the installation.
Lighting Circuits: One-way switching

Single switch controlling Wiring diagram


one or more lamps

Circuit Diagram
LIGHTING CIRCUITS:
Two-way switching

A typical application is for


stairway lighting.
Two-way and intermediate switching
Typical application is for stairs and landings and in long
corridors
POWER CIRCUITS
Radial circuits: Each socket outlet is supplied via the previous one.
Ring final circuits

• Same as radial circuits


except that the final
socket outlet is wired
back to the supply
position.
• In effect, any outlet is
supplied from two
directions
Water heater circuits (Geyser)
• Electric Water heaters of less than 15
litres, storage or instantaneous, are
fed from fused spurs from ring
circuits.
• However, water heaters over 15 l
capacity and showers must be fed
from their own individual radial
circuits, which serves only the water
heater and no other appliances or
devices.
• The circuit wiring typically includes a
30-amp double-pole breaker.
Cooker circuits
• Cooker units are available with or without
socket outlets. Most household cookers consist
of four heating rings, a grill and an oven.
• A cooker circuit is normally wired in 6 mm2
cable and 4 mm2 flex, protected by a 30 a 32 A
MCB or fuse at a nominal voltage of 230 V.
• The cooker switch should be installed to one
side of the selected cooker position. It should
be not more than 2 metres from the cooker.
• A heat-resistant flexible cord should be used to
connect between the connector unit and the
cooker.
• It should be long enough to allow the appliance
be moved out for cleaning and maintenance
purposes.
Bathroom installations
Rooms containing a fixed bath tub or shower basin are considered an
area of increased shock risk and, therefore, additional regulations are
specified.
There is higher risk of electric shock to people since body resistance is
lowered because of contact with water. Examples of such regulations are:
• Socket outlets must not be installed and no provision is made for
connection of portable appliances
• Only shaver sockets which contain an isolating transformer, may be
installed
• All circuits including power and lighting, must be additionally protected
by an RCD
See Linsley Page 345 and Scaddan Page 309
Building regulations for switches and
sockets
Socket outlets must be mounted at a height above the floor or work surface so as to
minimize the risk of mechanical damage. Switches and socket outlets in dwellings to
be installed so that all persons, including those whose reach is limited, can easily
reach them. They should be installed in habitable rooms at a height of between 450
and 1200 mm from the finished floor level
Domestic Installation
Stages/Phases
1. Installing Conduits
Chasing A chase is a vertical space drilled in a
concrete floor or wall and helps accommodate
cables and pipes.
Tubing which includes laying the electrical
conduits in the wall.
Installation of Switch Boards, Back Boxes and
Distribution Boards
2. Wiring: Installation of cables
3. Fitting of Accessories which include: Switch,
Fuses/ circuit breakers, Ceiling Rose, Lamp Holder,
Socket-Outlet, Distribution Board etc
INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS

• Industrial installations differ basically from domestic and commercial ones


only in the size and type of equipment used.
• The supplies are three-phase four-wire, and switchgear is usually metal
clad.
• For extremely heavy loads, switch-fuses are replaced by circuit breakers,
and much use is made of overhead bus-bar trunking systems.
• With the larger types of installation, an alphanumeric system is very useful
for cross-reference between block diagrams and floor plans showing
architectural symbols.
Three-phase control
TP and N: triple pole and neutral
Layout of industrial
installation
Industrial
Distribution
system
MULTI-STOREY COMMERCIAL OR DOMESTIC INSTALLATIONS

• In order to supply each floor or individual flat in a block, it is


necessary to run cables from the main intake position.
• These cables are called risers, and the distribution cables which run
from these to each individual supply point are called laterals.
• The majority of rising mains are in the form of bus-bar trunking with
either rectangular or circular conductors; this enables easy tapping off
of submain cables.
Rising main in a
block of flats
• The rising-main system is
similar to the ordinary radial
circuit in that one cable run
supplies several points.
• Hence the current flowing in
the cable at the far end will
be less than that at the
supply end.
• The voltage drop will be
greater at the far end with all
loads connected
Other Circuit Systems
• Space Heating Systems
• Radiant or Direct Heating
• Thermostats Installation
Systems
• Off-Peak Supplies
• Alarm and Emergency Systems
• Call Systems
• Emergency Lighting Systems
• Central Heating Systems
• Extra-Low-Voltage Lighting
• Special Locations eg bathrooms
Assignment 2
• Sketch a floor plan for the house in which you are staying or aspire to
stay in.
• Using standard symbols, indicate the position of all the electrical
accessories in the house
• The house must at least have a bedroom, living/dining room, kitchen,
bathroom and corridor.
• The plan must be hand-drawn, ie not computer-generated
NB. If you stay in the same house with a classmate one, of you should
draw a different house
• Due 25 March 2022
Additional Reference
Scaddan, B. (2019) 18th Edition IET Wiring Regulations Explained and
Illustrated. Routledge: Abingdon.
End of Lesson
Questions?

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