UNIT-2

Research
Methodology
BY GROUP-5

ARJUN KISHAN PADDAM (ROLL.NO:05)

GARA JAIDEEP (ROLL.NO:15)
L REVANTH KUMAR (ROLL.NO:25)
P V Surya Hemanth (ROLL.NO:35)
 RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is a blueprint of collection, measurement and analysis
of data. It is the conceptual structure within which research is
conducted.

According to William Zikmund, Research design is defined as a master

plan specifying the methods and procedure for collecting and analyzing
the needed information.
Research design provide outline about what
the researcher is going to do like:

Location where study will be conducted

Nature of data required
Sample design used
Time period needed
From where data will be collected
Technique of data collection
Method of data analysis
Type of report preparation
 Use of good research design
Helps the researcher to complete the objectives of the study in a
given time.
Facilitates getting the best solution for the research problems.
It helps the researcher to complete all the tasks even with limited
resources in a better way.
Reduce cost.
Provide a direction.
 Types of Research design

Research design is
mainly classified
into three categories

Exploratory Descriptive Causal Research

Research Design Research Design Design
 Exploratory Research

It discover new ideas and insights.

Exploratory research intends to explore the research questions and does not
intend to offer final and conclusive solution to existing problems, it helps to
better understand the problem.

Unstructured interviews are widely used as primary data collection method

in exploratory research. Surveys, focus groups, observation methods can
also be used to collect primary data for exploratory research.
 Descriptive Research

Descriptive research is about describe the problem under research.

Describe the state of affairs as it exists at present, situation or
phenomena.
It is used to identify trends in a particular field or the frequency of
occurrence of an event.
Descriptive research focuses on “What has happened or What is
happening?, How and why it is happening or happened?”
Descriptive research methods uses observations, survey and case study.
For examples: Brand preferences, Frequency of shopping
 Causal Research
• Causal research is used determine the cause and effect relationship
between two are more variables(Independent and Dependent).
• Causal research explains the cause of a problem, and if the cause is
removed/controlled then problem is solved.
• For example: To determine the effect of marketing strategies(cause)
on sales volume(effect)
 Sampling
The process of selecting a number of individuals for a study in such a
way that the individuals represent the larger group from which they
were selected.

A sample is a smaller collection of units from a population used to

determine truths about that population
 Sampling Design

Sampling design refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher

adopts for selecting items for the sample from the population or
universe.
 Sampling Design

• Defining the population

Steps in •
•
Defining the sample unit
Determining the sampling frame
sampling • Selecting a sampling technique
•
design •
Determining the sampling size
Execution of sampling process
 Methods of sampling

Methods of
sampling

Probability Non probability

Sampling sampling
techniques techniques
 Simple random sampling
This is the easiest method of sampling. In this technique every item get
an opportunity of being selected. This technique is applied through
taking lots or Random Number Tables.
 Systematic Sampling
The entire population is arranged in a particular order (ascending or
descending).
First of all a sampling interval given by K=N/n is calculated.
Where N= the size of the population and n= the size of the sample.
A random number is selected from 1 to N. Let call it R.
The element would be R+K and the subsequent one would be R+2K.
 Stratified Sampling
The population is divided into mutually exclusive groups(such as
group), and random sample are drawn from each group.
The population is divided into subgroups which known as strata based
on the relevant characteristics (e.g. Gender, Age range, Income
bracket, Job role).
 Cluster Sampling
Clusters are the smallest units in which the population can be
described example villages, wards, slums schools children etc.
During the study of large scale cluster sampling is used, For example
national surveys.
Clusters are internally heterogeneous, whereas strata are
homogeneous.
 Multi-Stage Sampling
The multistage sampling is the probability sampling technique
wherein the sampling is carried out in several stages such that the
sample size gets reduced at each stage.
A further development of the principle of cluster sampling is multi-
stage sampling.
 Convenience Sampling
Convenience sampling is a type of non- probability sampling.
It is type of sampling in which data is collected from conveniently
available respondents.
Convenience sampling is also called grab sampling.
 Judgement Sampling
Under this method, the selection of the sample items depends
exclusively on the judgement of the researcher.
It is also known as purposive sampling.
There is specific purpose or objective. It does not have multiple
objectives.
 Quota Sampling
Quota sampling is a type of non probability sampling technique.
In this sampling technique entire population is subdivided in to
homogeneous groups and then a quota(no of items/ respondents to be
selected for sample) is fixed for each group.
Once the quota is assigned to each group then sample is selected using
convenience or judgement sampling.
 Snowball sampling
Snowball sampling is also called chain sampling, referral sampling
and network sampling.
Snowball sampling is used when the population is unknown.
When the respondents is not easily accessible.