Samarth Rural Educational Institute

SAMARTH POLYTECHNIC
BELHE
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated
to MSBTE, Mumbai & MSBTE Institute Code-0992, DTE Code No. D6451

Department : Electrical Engineering

Class: FY Electrical
Subject : Fundamental’s Of Electrical Engineering
Subject Coad : 312310( FEE)
Unit No : I
Unit Name : BASIC ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS
Faculty Name : Prof. Gaikwad .S.K
 Contents

 Direct Current (DC),Alternating Current (AC), Voltage Source and Current

Source: Ideal and Practical.
 Electric Current, Electric Potential, Potential Difference (P D), Electro- Motive- Force
(EMF).
 Electrical Work, Power and Energy.
 Resistance, Resistivity, Conductivity, Effect of Temperature on Resistance.
 Types of Resistor and their Application
 Heating Effect, Magnetic Effect, Chemical Effect of Electric current.
Sr no Alternative Current (AC). Direct Current (DC)

1 signal which changes its Signal which does not change

magnitude as well as polarity its polarity

2 Transformer can used for AC Transformer cannot use for DC

3 Distribution efficiency is high Distribution efficiency is low
4 Design of machines is easy Design of machines is
complicated
5 Generation is efficient Generation is not efficient
6 AC machines, domestic, DC machines, HVDC system,
agricultural and industrial traction system.

3
 Electric Current(I) :“Current is defined as flow of electrons”
“It is rate of change of charge with respect to time”
𝐼=𝑄/𝑡 Conventional current is the current flowing from a
positive potential to a negative potential. Unit:
Ampere(A)

 Electro-Motive-Force (EMF): “the electrical force which causes

the flow of electrons to move in particular direction is called
as E.M.F.” unit: Volt
 Potential Difference (P D): “Potential difference between any two
points is defined as the difference between the electric potentials
at those points.” unit: Volt

4
 Electric Potential/ volt: “work done against the force of repulsion to
bring a charge closer to the other one is called as electric potential”
unit: Volt
V=W/Q (joules/ coulomb), where v=volt, W= work done, Q= charge
 Resistance(R): “Resistance of material is defined as the
opposition to flow of current is measured in ohms (Ω).”
𝑅 = 𝜌 𝑎𝑙 Where R= resistance.
𝜌=resistivity of material.
l=length of conductor.
a=cross sectional area.
 Resistance depends
on the following
factors:
i. Resistance varies
directly as length 𝑙 of
material.
ii. Resistance varies
inverselyMr.as the cross
M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 5
 Resistivity/ specific resistance(𝝆 rho): “The resistivity is defined
as the resistance of the piece of that material which is one meter
length and unit cross sectional area.”
𝝆=𝑹𝒂 , ρ =R if L=1 m and a= 1 m2.
𝒍
2
Ω𝑚
Unit: 𝜌 = = Ω-
𝑚
m(ohm-meter)
 Conductivity(G):”The conductance is defined as the reciprocal of
resistance” Unit: siemens or Ω-1(ohm inverse)
G=1/R
 Conductivity: “ conductivity is defined as the reciprocal of
resistivity” Unit: siemens/ meter or Ω-m -1(ohm-meter
inverse)

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 6

 Electrical Work(W): “electric work is work done to
transfer a
charge from one point to other.” Unit: Joules
W=Q*V where v=volt, W= work done, Q=
charge (where Q=I*t)
W=V*I*t Joules
 Power(P): “It is the product of voltage and current” Unit: Watts
P =V*I P=V2/R P=I2R

 Energy: “electrical energy is defined as the product of power and

time” Unit: Joules
• Energy(E)= power(P) * time(t)
• E= V*I*t
It is ability of work done

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 7

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 8
 Effect of Temperature on Resistance:
The effect of temperature on resistance varies according to the type of
material as discussed below:
• Conductors : Resistance increases linearly with increase in temperature,
resistance of metals reduces with reduction in temperature because at
low temperature ions inside the conductors are stationery with
increasing in temperature ions acquire energy and start oscillating
therefore vibrating ions cause opposition to the flow of electrons.
• Insulators: Resistance of insulators decreases with increase in
temperature. Material act as perfect insulators at low temperature may
start conducting at higher
temperature.
• Semiconductors:
Resistance decrease
with increase in temperature.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 9

 Resistance Temperature Coefficient (RTC):
• “RTC at to c is defined as the ratio of change in resistance of the
material per degree Celsius to its resistance at t0c.”
∆𝑅/℃
• RTC at t0c (∝t)=
𝑅𝑡
• ∴ ∆𝑅 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡℃.
• RTC at 0℃.(𝛼0)=∆𝑅/℃
𝑅0
Change in resistance Per 0c (slope) = (𝑅2−𝑅1)
(𝑡2−𝑡1)
((𝑅2−𝑅1)/(𝑡2−𝑡1)) ((𝑅𝑡−𝑅0)/(𝑡))
∴∝ 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑡 ∴ ∴∝ 0 = 𝑅0
• 𝑅𝑡 =R0(1+∝ 0𝑡)

• Unit of RTC=/℃
(per degree Celsius )
Effect of RTC:
• RTC is positive→ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
• RTC is negative→insulator.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 10

 Voltage Source:
 Ideal voltage sources:
• Internal Source resistance of ideal voltage source is zero, therefore
terminal voltage remain constant equal to V volt without load or
with load.
• As load resistance decrease, load current increases and terminal
voltage is constant.
• Ideal voltage source does not exist

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 11

 Practical voltage sources:
• It has internal source resistance Rs
• In no load condition current is zero therefore there is no voltage
drop across internal source resistance. Therefore VL=V, at no load.
• In load condition as current flowing in circuit, some voltage drop
across internal source resistance. Therefore terminal voltage is
less than V, As load resistance decreases, so load current increases
then terminal voltage getting decrease

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 12

 Current Sources:
 Ideal current sources:
• Internal shunt resistance is infinite (Rsh=infinite means Ish=0)for the
ideal current source.
• When the load resistance is connected between the output terminals
a constant current flowing through the load, IL=I.
• As load resistance increases load current remains constant.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 13

 Practical current sources:
• It has finite internal shunt (parallel)resistance.
• Due to the presence of shunt internal resistance , the source
current I gets divided between shunt resistance and load resistance.
Hence load current is less than I. As load resistance increases load
current decreases

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 14

 Source transformation
Voltage source to current source transformation:

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 15

 Source transformation
Current source to voltage source transformation:

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 16

 Types of Resistor

Linear Non linear

resistors resistors

Variable
Fixed resistors Thermistors
resistors

Light
Carbon Potentiometer dependent
composition resistors

Wire wound Trimmers Varistors

Film type Rheostates

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 17

 Carbon composition resistor:
• This resistance manufactured with insulated and noninsulated form
where noninsulated provides better heat dissipation.
• Carbon black, resin blinder, refractory fillings are first graded and
mixed in proper proportion and shifted then resultant black powder
compressed in to the shape of resistor and then curved in solid unit.
• Tolerance +- 5%, +- 10% or 20% so actual value differs from printed
value. Available in power rating 0.2,0.5,1,2W
• Wide temp. range -55degC to 150degC, Capable for operating
800V
• Application: potential divider, in transistor, amplifier, radio, TV, High
frequency, low power.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 18

 Wire wound resistors:
• Power handling capacity is higher
• Resistance wire wound on a ceramic rod or tube
• End connection wires are welded to ends of windings.
• Due to wound wire it has large inductance, hence not used in high
frequency applications.
• Applications: low frequency high power, Radio, TV, power Amplifier,
Zener voltage regulator.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 19

 Film type:
• Film type resistors are classified as two types
• Carbon film resistor and Metal film resistor.
• Manufacturing consists of thin film of resistive material such as
carbon, metal or metal oxide film.
• Film is deposited on glass or ceramic rod using evaporation,
spraying or dipping. thickness is depends on desired value. end caps
are fitted in the end after spiraling process is completed.
• Application: medical instruments, instrumental applications.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 20

 Heating Effect of Electric current:
• When electric current flowing through a conductor, heat is
produced in it due to collision between moving electrons and
stationary atoms. Hence electrical energy is converted in to heat
energy. Consider conductor of R ohm and potential difference V and
I current flows for t seconds then work done
• W= V*i*t joules = i*R*i*t = i2*R*t joules
• Heat produced in the conductor is directly proportional to the
square of the current and time for which current flows
• Heating effect application: It is utilized in Electric iron, Water
heater, Hot plates, Electric lamp, Electric cooker, Hair dryer, Room
heater, Electric oven, Electric furnace, Electric fuse, Electric heat
treatment process etc.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 21

 Magnetic Effect of Electric current:
• Whenever electric current passing through a conductor or coil, a magnetic
field get developed across it, and coil starts acting as electromagnet.
• The coil is wound on piece of some magnetic material such as iron, then
and current flowing from coil the this piece acts as magnet.
• Electromagnet losses its magnetic property as soon as current becomes
zero.
• Magnetic effect applications : It is utilized in Electric motor, Electric bell,
Electromagnet, Measuring instrument, Alternator, Various electric
appliances, Electric hoist etc.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 22

 Chemical Effect of Electric current:
• Whenever the DC current is passing through a chemical solution,
the solution decomposed in to the constituent substances. This
process is chemical effect of electric current.
• Electrolytes: electrolytes are the liquids which allows the electric
current to pass through them.
• Ionization: it is the process of splitting up of the molecular in to
positive and negative ions.
• Chemical effect applications: It is utilized in Electro-plating, Battery
charging, Electro-refining, Fuel cells, Production of chemicals,
Electro-typing, Electrolytic process etc.

Mr. M.D.Kharad Lect EE,Govt poly Jalna 23

THANK
YOU