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Complex Numbers 6

The document discusses complex numbers and rotations. It covers rotating complex numbers by an angle, finding new complex numbers after rotation, and examples of applying rotations to solve problems involving complex numbers representing points and triangles.

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APS Apoorv prakash singh
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15 views

Complex Numbers 6

The document discusses complex numbers and rotations. It covers rotating complex numbers by an angle, finding new complex numbers after rotation, and examples of applying rotations to solve problems involving complex numbers representing points and triangles.

Uploaded by

APS Apoorv prakash singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Numbers

Rotation
 Consider the complex number Z = reiθ

 If we rotate Z by α, such that α ϵ R, Z will be a new


number Z1 = rei(θ+α)

 The magnitude remains unaffected and the


argument increases by α
Clockwise or Anticlockwise?
 If we rotate z2 by θ, and θ is positive, then rotation is
anticlockwise
 If θ is negative, rotation is
clockwise
Rotation
 We need to find the new vector ‘z3–z1’ that is formed
after rotating AB by θ
 We can multiply |z3–z1| by
the unit vector in the
direction of AC
Rotation
 Unit vector in direction of AB = (z2–z1)/|z2–z1|

 Unit vector for AC:

[(z2–z1)/|z2–z1|]eiθ

Therefore, AC, i.e., z3–z1 is:

|z3–z1|×[(z2–z1)/|z2–z1|]eiθ
Rotation
 Since z3–z1 = |z3–z1|×[(z2–z1)/|z2–z1|]eiθ

 (z3–z1)/(z2–z1) = reiθ

r is given by: |z3–z1|/|z2–z1|

 Arg[(z3–z1)/(z2–z1)] = θ
Example
 A particle P starts from zO = 1+2i. It moves horizontally away
from Origin by 5 units and then vertically away from Origin
by 3 units to reach point z1.

 From z1 the particle moves √2 units in the direction of the


vector i+j and then it moves through an angle π/2 in
anticlockwise direction on a circle with center at origin, to
reach z2.

 Find z2
Example contd.
 Let’s break it down into steps:

1. Starting from (1,2i) it moves 5 units horizontally to reach (6,2i)

2. Then 3 units vertically to reach z1 (6,5i)

3. Then √2 unit in the direction i+j to reach (7,6i)

4. Then rotates by 90˚ to reach z2: (7+6i)eiπ/2 = (7+6i)[isin(π/2]

 z2 = i(7+6i) = 7i–6, i.e., –6+7i


Example
 Show that the area of the triangle formed by the complex
numbers z, iz, z+iz is ½|z|2

iz is obtained by rotating z by 90˚

 This is a right angled triangle with base and altitude z


and iz

 Area = ½|z||iz| = ½|z|2


Example
 The complex numbers z1, z2, z3 satisfying:

(z1–z3)/(z2–z3) = (1–i√3)/2 are vertices of which triangle?

½ – i√3/2 = cos(60) + isin(–60) = e–iπ/3

Therefore, angle between sides (z1–z3) and (z2–z3) is π/3

Also, (z1–z3)/(z2–z3) = |(z1–z3)/(z2–z3)|(1–i√3)/2

 |(z1–z3)/(z2–z3)| = 1, which means these two sides are equal

Therefore, this triangle is equilateral


Example
 If 0 < α < π/2 is a fixed angle, and P is (cosθ,sinθ) and Q
is {cos(α–θ), sin(α–θ)}, then how is Q obtained from P?

a. Clockwise rotation through angle α

b. Anticlockwise rotation through angle α

c. Reflection in the line through origin with slope tanα

d. Reflection in the line through origin with slope tan(α/2)


Example contd.
 P is (cosθ,sinθ) and Q {cos(α–θ), sin(α–θ)} is obtained from P

If P is simply rotated by α, Q is {cos(θ±α), sin(θ±α)}

Let us now consider the 2 options for cases of reflection:

c. Reflection in the line through origin with slope tanα

d. Reflection in the line through origin with slope tan(α/2)

Let the line by which it is reflected have slope Φ


Example contd.
 L1 gets reflected by L2 at point O: ∠AOC = ∠COD

∠ABO = π–Φ, so, in ∆AOB:

∠AOB = π–(θ+π–Φ) = Φ–θ

 ∠BOM = Φ–θ

In ∆AOM: ∠OME = ∠AOM+∠A

∠ OME = 2(Φ–θ) + θ= 2Φ–θ

Since angle after reflection is α–θ, which is 2Φ–θ, so Φ = α/2


Example
 Let z1, z2, z3 be the vertices of an equilateral triangle, then prove
that z12+z22+z32 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1

(z1–z2)/(z3–z2) = r1eiπ/3 —(1)

r1 = |(z1–z2)|/|(z3–z2) | = 1

 (z2–z1)/(z3–z1) = r2e–iπ/3 —(2)

r2 = |(z2–z1)|/|(z3–z1) | = 1

Therefore, (z –z )/(z –z ) = eiπ/3 and (z –z )/(z –z ) = e–iπ/3


Example contd.
 We have two equations:

(z1–z2)/(z3–z2) = eiπ/3 —(1)

(z2–z1)/(z3–z1) = e–iπ/3 —(2)

From (1) and (2), (z1–z2)/(z3–z2) = (z2–z1)/(z3–z1)

Solving, z12+z22+z32 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1


Example
 ABCD is a rhombus. Its diagonals AC and BD intersect
at the point M and BD = 2AC. If points D and M
represent the complex numbers 1+i and 2–i respectively,
then A represents the complex number?

Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at 90˚

So, if we rotate AM by ±90˚, we get DM


Example contd.
Rotating AM to MD: [z–(2–i)]/[(1+i)–(2–i)] = (x/2x)e±iπ/2

 [z–(2–i)]/(–1+2i) = ½(±i)

Solving separately for i and –i,

z = 1– 3/2i

z = 3 – i/2
Example
 Let b’z + bz’ = c, b ≠ 0, be a line and b’, z’ represent complex conjugate
for b and z. If a point z1 is the reflection of the point z 2 through the line,
then show that c = z1’b + z2b’

Let A’(z1) be reflection of A (z2)

Consider a point P(z) on line

 PA = PA’

 |z–z1| = |z–z2|

 |z–z1|2 = |z–z2|2
Example contd.
 |z–z1|2 = |z–z2|2, i.e., (z–z1)(z’–z1’) = (z–z2)(z’–z2’)

 z(z1’-z2’) + z’(z1–z2) = z1z1’–z2z2’

The line is b’z + bz’ = c

Let the ratio of coefficients be k

 k(z1’-z2’) = b’, k(z1–z2) = b and k(z1z1’–


z2z2’) = c

We need to show that c = z1’b + z2b’


Example contd.
 We need to show that c = z1’b + z2b’ and we have:

k(z1’-z2’) = b’, k(z1–z2) = b and k(z1z1’–


z2z2’) = c —(1)

TPT: c = kz1’(z1–z2) + kz2(z1’–z2’)

= k[z1’z1 – z1’z2 + z2z1’ – z2z2’]

= k[z1’z1– z2z2’]

Which is true from (1)


Example
 Let z1, z2 be the roots of the equation z2+pz+q = 0, where
the coefficients p and q may be complex numbers. Let A
and B represent z1 and z2 in the complex plane.

 If ∠AOB = α≠ 0 and OA = OB, where O is the origin.


Prove that p2 = 4qcos2(α/2)

z1 + z2 = –p and z1z2 = q

We need to prove that p2 = 4qcos2(α/2)


Example contd.
 Since we can obtain z1 by rotating z2 by α, z1 = z2e±iα

We need to prove that p2 = 4qcos2(α/2)

Also, z1 + z2 = –p and z1z2 = q

 z22e±iα = q —(1)

 z2+z2e±iα = –p —(2)

Eliminating z2 by dividing (2) by (1),

p2 = 4qcos2(α/2)
A(z2)
P(z)
L3 – After
D Reflection
A’(z1)
b’z + bz’ = c C
A(z1)
O Final
L1 (θ) angle
θ Φ
A B M E
L2(Φ)
α B(z2)
C B
O
M(2–i)
2x x
D A (z)
(1+i)

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