Web Development & Design Foundations

with HTML5
Tenth Edition

Chapter 1
Introduction to the Internet
and World Wide Web

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Learning Outcomes (1 of 2)
In this chapter, you will learn how to
• Describe the evolution of the Internet and the Web
• Explain the need for web standards
• Describe Universal Design
• Identify benefits of accessible web design
• Identify reliable resources of information on the Web
• Identify ethical use of the Web
• Describe the purpose of web browsers and web
servers

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Learning Outcomes (2 of 2)
• Identify networking protocols
• Define URIs and domain names
• Describe HTML, XHTML, and HTML5

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Internet
The interconnected network of computer networks that spans the
globe.

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Reasons for Internet Growth in the
1990s
• Removal of the ban on commercial activity
• Development of the World Wide Web
by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN
• Development of Mosaic,
the first graphics-based web browser at NCSA
• Personal computers were increasingly available and
affordable
• Online service providers offered low-cost connections
to the Internet

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Figure 1.1 Convergence of Technologies

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The World Wide Web
The graphical user interface to information
stored on computers running web servers connected to
the Internet.

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Internet Standards & Coordination (1 of 2)
IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force
The principal body engaged in the development of new
Internet protocol standard specifications.
RFC – Requests for Comments
A formal document from the IETF that is drafted by a
committee and subsequently reviewed by interested
parties
IAB – Internet Architecture Board
Provides guidance and broad direction to the IETF.
Responsible for publications for RFCs.
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Internet Standards & Coordination (2 of 2)
• ICANN - The Internet Corporation for Assigned
Numbers & Names
– Non-profit organization
– Main function is to coordinate the assignment of:
 Internet domain names
 IP address numbers
 Protocol parameters
 Protocol port numbers.

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Growth of the Internet

Year Percentage of Global

Population Using the Internet
1995 0.4%
2000 5.8%
2005 15.7%
2010 28.10%
2015 45%
2018 55.1%
2019 56.1%

Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/emarketing.htm

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Intranet & Extranets
Intranet
• A private network contained within an organization or
business used to share information and resources
among coworkers.
Extranet
• A private network that securely shares part of an
organization’s information or operations with external
partners

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Web Standards and the W3C
Consortium
• W3C – World Wide Web Consortium
– Develops recommendations and prototype
technologies related to the Web
– Produces specifications, called Recommendations, in
an effort to standardize web technologies
– WAI – Web Accessibility Initiative

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Web Accessibility
Accessible Website
• provides accommodations for individuals with visual,
auditory, physical, and neurological disabilities
WAI
• W3C’s Web Accessibility Initiative
http://www.w3.org/WAI
WCAG 2.1
• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/quickref/

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Web Accessibility & The Law
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
• Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act
• Requires that government agencies must give individuals
with disabilities access to information technology that is
comparable to the access available to others
• http://www.section508.gov

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Universal Design for the Web
Universal Design
strategy for making products, environments, operational
systems, and services welcoming and usable to the
most diverse range of people possible
https://www.dol.gov/odep/topics/UniversalDesign.htm

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Figure 1.2 A smooth ride is a benefit of
universal design

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Reliability & Information on the Web
Questions to Ask:
• Is the organization credible?
• How recent is the information?
• Are there links to additional resources?
• Is it Wikipedia?
If so, further research is needed.

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Checkpoint 1.1
1. Describe the difference between the Internet and the
Web.
2. Explain three events that contributed to the
commercialization and exponential growth of the
Internet.
3. Is the concept of universal design important to web
developers? Explain your answer.

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Network Overview
Network
two or more computers connected together for the
purpose of communicating and sharing resources

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Figure 1.4 Common components of a
network

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Networks
LAN – Local Area Network
• Usually confined to a single building or group of
buildings

WAN – Wide Area Network

• Usually uses some form of public or commercial
communications network to connect computers is
widely dispersed geographical areas.

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Internet Infrastructure
Internet Backbone
A high capacity communication link that carries data
gathered from smaller links that interconnect with it.

Maps of the Internet Backbone

http://www.google.com/search?
q=global+internet+backbone+map+images

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The Client/Server Model
Client/Server can describe a relationship between two
computer programs–the “client” and the “server”.

Client
• requests some type of service (such as a file or
database access) from the server.

Server
• fulfills the request and transmits the results to the client
over a network

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Client – Web Browser Server – Web
Server

Figure 1.5 Web client and web server

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Web Client
Connected to the Internet when needed
Usually runs web browser (client) software
(such as Microsoft Edge or Google Chrome)
Uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) or HTTPS
Requests web pages from server
Receives web pages and files from server

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Web Server
Continually connected to the Internet
Runs web server software
(such as Apache or Internet Information Server)
Uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) or HTTPS
Receives request for the web page
Responds to request and transmits status code, web
page, and associated files

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MIME Type
Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extension
• a set of rules that allow multimedia documents
to be exchanged among many different computer
systems

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Internet Protocols
Protocols
• Rules that describe the methods used for clients and
servers to communicate with each other over a
network.

• There is no single protocol that makes the Internet

and Web work.

• A number of protocols with specific functions are

needed.
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FTP File Transfer Protocol
A set of rules that allow files to be exchanged between
computers on the Internet.

Web developers commonly use FTP to transfer web

page files from their computers to web servers.

FTP is also used to download programs and files from

other servers to individual computers.

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E-mail Protocols
Sending E-mail
• SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Receiving E-mail
• POP (POP3) Post Office Protocol
• IMAP Internet Mail Access Protocol

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HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• A set of rules for exchanging files such as text, graphic images,
sound, video, and other multimedia files on the Web.

• Web browsers send HTTP requests for web pages and their
associated files.
• Web servers send HTTP responses and the requested files
back to the web browsers.

HTTPS – Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

Combines HTTP with a security and encryption protocol
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TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol
TCP/IP has been adopted as the official communication
protocol of the Internet.

TCP and IP have different functions that work together

to ensure reliable communication over the Internet.

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TCP Transmission Control Protocol
Purpose is to ensure the integrity of communication
Breaks files and messages into individual units called
packets

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Figure 1.6 TCP packet

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IP Internet Protocol
• A set of rules that controls how data is sent between
computers on the Internet.

• IP routes a packet to the correct destination address.

• The packet gets successively forwarded to the next

closest router (a hardware device designed to move
network traffic) until it reaches its destination.
http://www.monitis.com/traceroute/
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IP Address
Each device connected to the Internet has a unique
numeric IP address.

These addresses consist of a set of four groups of

numbers, called octets.

216.58.194.46 will get you Google!

An IP address may correspond to a domain name.

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Domain Name
• Locates an organization or other entity on the Internet
• Domain Name System
– Divides the Internet into logical groups and
understandable names
– Associates unique computer IP Addresses with the
text-based domain names you type into a web browser
 Browser: http://google.com
 IP Address: 216.58.194.46

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Uniform Resource Identifier
URI – Uniform Resource Identifier
• identifies a resource on the Internet

URL – Uniform Resource Locator

• a type of URI which represents the network location of
a resource such as a web page, a graphic file, or an
MP3 file.

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Figure 1.8 URL Describing a file within a folder

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TLD Top-Level Domain Name
A top-level domain (TLD) identifies the right-most part of
the domain name.

Examples of generic TLDs:

.com, .org, .net, .mil, .gov, .edu, .int, .aero, .asia, .cat, .jo
bs, .name, .biz, .museum,
.info, .coop, .post, .pro, .tel, .travel

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County Code TLDs
Two character codes originally intended to indicate the
geographical location (country) of the web site.

In practice, it is fairly easy to obtain a domain name

with a country code TLD that is not local to the
registrant.

Examples:
• .tv, .ws, .au, .jp, .uk
• See http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm
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Domain Name System
The Domain Name System (DNS) associates
Domain Names with IP addresses.

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Figure 1.9 Accessing a web page

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Markup Languages
SGML – Standard Generalized Markup Language
• A standard for specifying a markup language or tag
set

HTML – Hypertext Markup Language

• The set of markup symbols or codes placed in a
file intended for display on a web browser.

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Markup Languages (2)
XML–eXtensible Markup Language

• A text-based language designed to describe, deliver,

and exchange structured information.

• It is not intended to replace HTML –

it is intended to extend the power of HTML by
separating data from presentation.

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Markup Languages (3)
XHTML–eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language

• Developed by the W3C as the reformulation of HTML

4.0 as an application of XML.

• It combines the formatting strengths of HTML 4.0 and

the data structure and extensibility strengths of XML.

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Markup Languages (4)
HTML 5
• The next version of HTML4 and XHTML
• https://www.w3.org/TR/html5/
• It’s already been updated!
• HTML 5.1
– https://www.w3.org/TR/html51/
• HTML 5.2
– https://www.w3.org/TR/html52/

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Checkpoint 1.2
1. Describe the components of the client/server model
as applied to the Internet.

2. Identify two protocols used on the Internet to convey

information that use the Internet but do not use the
Web.

3. Explain the similarities and differences between a

URL and a domain name.

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Popular Uses of the Internet
E-Commerce
Mobile Access
Blogs
Wikis
Social Networking
RSS
Podcasts
Cloud Computing

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Summary
This chapter provided a brief overview of Internet, Web,
and introductory networking concepts.

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