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Testing Hypothesis

Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to make decisions using experimental data by testing assumptions about populations. It involves formulating a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis, with the null typically claiming no difference or effect and the alternative claiming a difference or effect. Examples are provided of formulating hypotheses to test claims about averages, proportions, and other population parameters.

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Sylvester Mata
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7 views

Testing Hypothesis

Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to make decisions using experimental data by testing assumptions about populations. It involves formulating a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis, with the null typically claiming no difference or effect and the alternative claiming a difference or effect. Examples are provided of formulating hypotheses to test claims about averages, proportions, and other population parameters.

Uploaded by

Sylvester Mata
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Testing

Hypothesis
z
z

 Hypothesis testing is a statistical method applied in making


decisions using experimental data. Hypothesis testing is
basically testing an assumption that we make about a
population.
 A hypothesis is a proposed explanation, assertion, or
assumption about a population parameter or about the
distribution of a random variable.
z
Here are the examples of questions you can answer
with a hypothesis test:
 Does the mean height of Grade 12 students differ
from 66 inches?
 Do male and female Grade 7 and Grade 12
students differ in height on average?
 Is the proportion of senior male students’ height
significantly higher than that of senior female
students?
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 According to a survey, the average daily


usage of social media worldwide of global
internet users amounts to 142 minutes per
day. Sofia conducts her own survey among
her friends to find out if their time spent on
social media is significantly higher than the
global survey.
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Before her survey, she formulated the following
claims:
 Claim A: The average daily usage of social
media of her friends is the same as the global
average usage.
 Claim B: The average daily usage of social
media of her friends is higher than the global
average usage.
z Friend’s Name Minutes per Day Spent on Social
Media
Allen 132
Bryan 148
Ellen 165
Jake 157
Mindie 120
Shamsi 144
Candice 136
Dory 160
Mitch 185
Mila 173
 What statistical
z data is/are needed to prove which of Sofia’s claims is
accepted or rejected?

 What is the average daily usage of social media of her friends? Compare it
with the previous average usage.

 Which of the two claims could probably be true? Why?

 If Sofia computed the average daily internet usage of her friends to be


higher than the global survey, do you think it would be significantly higher?

 What is your idea of an average value being significantly higher than the
global average value?

 What do you think is the difference between simple comparison of data and
hypothesis testing?
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The Null and Alternative Hypothesis

 The null hypothesis is an initial claim based on previous


analyses, which the researcher tries to disprove, reject, or
nullify. It shows no significant difference between two
parameters. It is denoted by 𝐻𝑜.

 The alternative hypothesis is contrary to the null hypothesis,


which shows that observations are the result of a real effect. It
is denoted by 𝐻𝑎.
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 The school record claims that the mean score in


Math of the incoming Grade 11 students is 81. The
teacher wishes to find out if the claim is true. She
tests if there is a significant difference between the
batch mean score and the mean score of students in
her class.
Solution: Let 𝜇 be the population mean score and 𝑥̅ be the mean score of
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students in her class. You may select any of the following statements as
your null and alternative hypothesis as shown in Option 1 and Option 2.

Option 1:

𝐻a: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students is 81 or 𝜇 = 81.

𝐻o: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students is not 81 or 𝜇 ≠ 81

Option 2:

𝐻𝑜: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students has no significant
difference with the mean score of her students or 𝜇 = 𝑥̅.

𝐻𝑎: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students has a significant
difference with the mean score of her students or 𝜇 ≠ 𝑥̅.
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 Based on the first claim of Sofia in that “the average daily


usage of social media of her friends is the same as the global
average usage”, formulate two hypotheses about the global
average usage (𝜇) and the average usage of her friends (𝑥̅) on
the blanks provided below.

 𝐻𝑜: _____________________________________________

 𝐻𝑎: _____________________________________________
z

Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed Test


 When the alternative hypothesis is two-sided like 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇
≠ 𝜇0, it is called two-tailed test.
 When the given statistics hypothesis assumes a less
than or greater than value, it is called one-tailed test
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 The school registrar believes that the average number of


enrollees this school year is not the same as the previous
school year.

- two-tailed test
z

school registrar believes that the average number of


enrollees this school year is less than the previous school
year

- one-tailed test
z Directions: State the null and the alternative
hypotheses of the following statements.

1. A medical trial is conducted to test whether or not a new medicine reduces uric acid by
50%.
 𝐻𝑜: ____________________________________________________
 𝐻𝑎: ____________________________________________________

2. We want to test whether the general average of students in Math is different from 80%.
 𝐻𝑜: ____________________________________________________
 𝐻𝑎: ____________________________________________________
z
3. We want to test whether the mean height of Grade 8 students is 58
inches.
𝐻𝑜: ____________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎: ____________________________________________________

4. We want to test if LPIHS students take more than four years to


graduate from high school, on the average.
𝐻𝑜: ____________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎: ____________________________________________________

5. We want to test if it takes less than 60 minutes to answer the


quarterly test in Calculus.
𝐻𝑜: ____________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎: ____________________________________________________
6. A medical
z
test is conducted to determine whether or not a new vaccine
reduces the complications of dengue fever.

𝐻𝑜: ____________________________________________________

𝐻𝑎: ____________________________________________________

7. The enrolment in high school this school year increases by 10%.

𝐻𝑜: ____________________________________________________

𝐻𝑎: ____________________________________________________

8. The intelligence quotient of male grade 11 students is the same as the


female students.

𝐻𝑜: ____________________________________________________

𝐻𝑎: ____________________________________________________
z
`
9. The school want to test if the students in Grade 7 prefer online distance
learning as the method of instruction.
𝐻𝑜: ____________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎: ____________________________________________________

10. The school librarian wants to find out if there was an increase in the
number of students accessing the school library.
𝐻𝑜: ____________________________________________________
𝐻𝑎: ___________________________________________________
z
Directions: Determine if one-tailed test or two-
tailed test fits the given alternative hypothesis.

1. The mean height of Grade 12 students is less than 66 inches.

2. The standard deviation of their height is not equal to 5 inches.

3. Male Grade 7 and Grade 12 students differ in height on average.

4. The proportion of senior male students’ height is significantly


higher than that of senior female students.

5. The average grade of Grade 11 students in Statistics is lower


than their average grade in Calculus.
z

6. The newly found vaccine reduces the risks of viral infections of the
patience.

7. The enrolment in elementary schools is not the same as the


enrolment in the secondary schools.

8. Male adolescents have higher intelligence quotient level than the


female adolescents.

9. The average number of internet users this year is significantly


higher as compared last year.

10. Paracetamol and Ibuprofen have the same rate of time to reduce
the headache of the patients
z
z
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