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CT LECTURE WEEK 13 19122023 092207am 1 03052024 095755am

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9 views23 pages

CT LECTURE WEEK 13 19122023 092207am 1 03052024 095755am

Uploaded by

Saba Kazmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Critical Thinking (BES-103)

Lecture 13
Propositional
Logics

Amna Bashir
Lecture
Computer
Science
Objectives

• Propositional
Logic
• Conjunction
• Disjunction
• Negation
• Implies
• Biconditional
Propositional Logic
• Propositions are statements that can be either true
or false, and propositional logic focuses on analyzing
the logical relationships between these propositions.

• In propositional logic, propositions are represented


by variables, typically denoted by uppercase letters
(P, Q, R, etc.), which can take on truth values of
either "True" or "False." These variables can be
combined using logical operators to form compound
propositions.
Conjunction
(And)
• In propositional logic, a conjunction is a
logical connective that combines two
propositions using the "and" operator.
• It is denoted by the symbol 𝖠.
• The resulting compound proposition is true
only when both of its component
propositions are true; otherwise, it is false.
Example

"It is raining and I have an umbrella.

P Q P𝖠Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Example

"It is sunny and It is warm”


Disjunction
(OR)
• Propositional logic, a disjunction is
logical connective a
propositions
that combines
using the "or" operator.
• It is denoted by the symbol ∨. two
• The resulting compound proposition is
true if at least one of its component
propositions is true.
Example

“Frank is angry or Hank is


tired,”
P Q P∨Q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Example

The sun is shining or the weather is warm


Negation
(NOT)
Negation: It represents the logical
negation or complement of a proposition.
• It is denoted by the symbol "~" or
"¬“
Example:
• P: The sun is shining.
• Example: "The sun is not shining (¬P)."
• Symbolic representation: ¬P
Truth Table

The sun is not shining


Implication
(→)
• Implication (→): It represents the logical
• "if-then" operation.
• The implication of two propositions P
and Q (denoted as P → Q) is true if P is
false or if P is true and Q is true; it is
false only if P is true and Q is false.
Example
Example: It is raining then I will take an umbrella.
P: It is raining. Q: I will take an umbrella.
Symbolic representation: P → Q
Biconditional (if and only
if)
• It represents the logical "if and only
if" operation.
• The biconditional of two propositions P
and Q (denoted as P ↔ Q) is true if both
P and Q have the same truth value (either
both true or both false);
• it is false if P and Q have different
truth values.
Example
P: The sun is shining. Q: The weather is warm.
Example: "The sun is shining (P) if and only if
the weather is warm (Q)."
Symbolic representation: P ↔ Q
Activity

• "It is raining, I have an umbrella, and I


am wearing a raincoat.“
P: It is raining. Q: I have an umbrella.
R: I am wearing a raincoat.
Symbolic representation: P 𝖠 Q 𝖠 R
Activity
Activity

P: It is raining. Q: I have an umbrella. R: I am


wearing a raincoat.
Example: "It is raining (P), I have an umbrella
(Q), and I am wearing a raincoat (R) if and only
if all three conditions are satisfied."
Symbolic representation: (P 𝖠 Q 𝖠 R) ↔ (P 𝖠 Q
𝖠 R)
Activity
Activity
"It is raining (P), and I have an umbrella (Q) or
I am wearing a raincoat (R).“
P: It is raining. Q: I have an umbrella. R: I am
wearing a raincoat.
Symbolic representation: (P 𝖠 Q) V R
Activity

"The car is not red (¬P) or the car is blue (Q)


or the car is green (R).“
Symbolic representation: (¬P ∨ Q )∨ R
Try it
yourself!
"If the sun is shining (P) and the weather is
warm (Q), then I am going to the beach (R)
and I will swim in the ocean (S).“
“If John is tall (P) and Mary is intelligent (Q),
then David is rich (R).”
Try it yourself!
Solution
"If the sun is shining (P) and the weather is
warm (Q), then I am going to the beach (R)
and I will swim in the ocean (S).“Symbolic
representation: (P 𝖠 Q) → (R 𝖠 S)
“If John is tall (P) and Mary is intelligent (Q),
then David is rich (R).” Symbolic
representation: (P 𝖠 Q) → R

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