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Microscope

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Microscope

Uploaded by

sillythings300
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microbiology

2
Microscope
ILOs
.TO Know different types of microscope-1 
To know how to use the ordinary-2 
.microscope
Introduction to the science of -3 
microbiolgy
Microbiology
It is the science that deal with tiny 
organisms or microbes that can not be
.seen by naked eyes
Bacteria are very small in size measured 
.in terms of microns (µ)
Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

fungi, protozoa, algae, plant, Bacteria, Chlamydia, Rickettsia Examples


animal cell
Larger Simple and smaller Size
Fungi: 5-100 μ Bacteria 0.5-8μ
Rickettsia &Chlamydia 0.2-0.5μ
True nucleus(Eukaryotic) Prokaryotic nucleus Nucleus
nuclear membrane No nuclear membrane
nucleolus No nucleolus
Multiple chromosome Single chromosome
Histones associated with DNA No histones associated with DNA
Mitosis Simple binary fission Division
S(40S,60S) 80 S(30S,50S) 70 Ribosome Cytoplasmic
Present Absent Mitochondria structures

Present Absent Microtubules


Present Absent Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Present Absent Chloroplasts
Contain sterols* Lack sterols except mycoplasma* Cytoplasmic membrane
Types of microscope
Microscope used to produce magnified
images of these organisms and visualize
their motility, morphology and staining
.properties

Types of
microscope

Ordinary Phase
Dark ground Fluorescent Electron Inverted
light contrast
microscope microscope microscope microscope
microscope microscope
Light microscope
It consists of :
1-stand:
*A heavy foot )a horse shoe shaped).
*Limb
2-body:
optical tube:
At the upper end of the tube is the eye piece.
At the lower end of the tube is the revolving nose piece
which carries the objective lenses.
3-stage:
It is a platform to accommodate the microscope slide.
It has aperture in its center to allow light to reach the slide.

4- sub stage:

it carries :
the condenser:
that focus the light from the illuminating source on the
plane of the object.
Iris diaphragm:
control the amount of light that reach the object.

5-mirror:
It has a plane and concave sides.
Magnification:
it is the product of multiplying of separate
magnification of the objective and eye piece lens.
Magnification of the eye piece may be: 5, 10,15
times.

Final magnification of the microscope:


using low power :10*10=100 times
using high power:10*40=400 times
using O.I.L :10*100=1000 times
Resolution :
it is the capacity of the microscope to distinguish two
neighboring points s separate entities.

It is the power which determine the amount of


structural details that can be observed
microscopically.

It depends on the wavelength of the used source of


the light.

The shorter wavelength ……the greater power of


.resolution
the electron microscope is provided with electron
beam as source of illumination,it have awavelength
of 1/100000 times shorter than of ordinary light.
ordinary miroscope can visualize objects as small
.as 0.25µ
Importance of oil utilization:

The O.I.L has a focal length of 2mm and work at very


close distance from the object to examined.

The intervening space filled with special oil (cedar oil. (

when oblique rays of the light emerge from adense


medium (glass) to a rarer medium (air).....the rays will be
refracted
outwards…….this will diminishes the brightness and
clarity of the image.

By using imm.oil have the same density of the


glass…..the rays willn‘t refracted and pass to the object.
Fluorescent microscope
the source of illumination is U.V radiation not ordinary
light..
 It depends on the fact that certain dyes when exposed to
UV they convert this invisible short light radiation into
longer wave length radiation of visible light. And so become
luminous and said to be fluoresce.
 these fluorescent dyes stain certain cell component or
certain bacteria.
 Examples.1-AURAMIN O …for T.B bacilli….yellow
fluorescence …2-ACRIDINE ORANGE R.
 Under fluorescent microscope the stained prepartion
appear as fluorescent structure against dark
background.
Fluorescent microscope
Dark ground microscope
:Use
to visualize delicate organisms as spirochetes (motile) that can't be
.seen in unstained preparations

:The organism
.appears brightly illuminated in a dark back ground

:A special condenser
Is used that allow only oblique rays to pass and scattered by the object
(bacteria), so that the rays enter the tube of the microscope and
.reach the eye of the observer
Phase contrast microscope
:Use
It shows very small or slender objects as spirochetes in
.unstained preparation
.Study the structural details in larger m.o and tissue cells

:organism
Appear in dark against bright background
Electron microscope
Source of illumination:
electron beam

A final image formed by electromagnetic objective lenses


on fluorescent screen.
Resolving power:
Is 1nm=1/1000µ,this high resolving power due to short
wavelength of electron beam.
magnifying power : 100,000 times or more.
Use:
visualize viruses, study the fine structures of the viruses,
bacteria and tissue cells.
Electrone microscope

consist of a column, at the top of which is


mounted the source of ilumination, i.e., “the
electron gun”, which emits electrons from a
.hot tungsten-wire fiament
The electron beam passes through the
evacuated column and is focused on the
object by an electromagnetic condenser
lens system, instead of
Glass lenses used in the ordinary
microscope.afinal image of the object is
formed by electromagnetic lenses on a
fluorescent screen at the lower end of the
column and can be viewed through a glass
window. Photographs are taken by a
.camera placed below the screen
Inverted microscope
:Use
used for examination of flasks of tissue culture,
here the revolving nose piece is removed, so the
part below the optical tube is long to allow
.putting flasks and examining it
It is called inverted because lenses lie below the
.condenser

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